This work focuses on the preparation of pure nanocrystalline SnO2 and SnO2:Cu thin films on cleaned glass substrates utilizing a sol-gel spin coating and chemical bath deposition (CBD) procedures. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the possible use of these thin films in the context of gas sensor applications. The films underwent annealing in an air environment at a temperature of 500 ◦C for duration of 60 minutes. The thickness of the film that was deposited may be estimated to be around 300 nm. The investigation included an examination of the structural, optical, electrical, and sensing characteristics, which were explored across various preparation circumstances, specifically focusing on varied concentrations of Cu-doping (2, 4, and 6 wt.%). The deposited films were analyzed by several techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and optical absorption spectroscopy. The films generated by the spin coating method had a tetragonal rutile structure, while the films created via the chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique displayed both tetragonal rutile and orthorhombic structures. The spin coating technique was used to make films of several weight percentages (0, 2, 4, and 6 wt.%). The resulting crystallite sizes were examined and found to be 23 nm, 18 nm, 14 nm, and 10.5 nm, respectively. Similarly, films made using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method exhibited crystallite sizes of 22, 13.9, 9.3, and 8.15 nm, respectively. The obtained findings from atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses indicate a consistent trend whereby, as the concentration of Cu-doped material rises, there is a decrease in the average grain size. The transmittance and absorbance spectra were examined within the wavelength range of 300 to 1000 nm. The films generated by both approaches exhibit a significant level of light transmission throughout the visible spectrum. The bandgap energy of spin coating and CBD films decreases with increasing Cu-doped concentrations; the values were (3.88, 3.8, 3.68, and 3.63) eV and (3.8, 3.78, 3.66, and 3.55) eV, respectively. The electrical characteristics of the films include direct current (DC) electrical conductivity, which indicates the presence of two activation energies, Ea1 and Ea2. These activation energies exhibit an upward trend when the concentration of Cu doping is increased. The films were examined for their ability to detect carbon monoxide (CO) gas at a concentration of about 50 ppm at normal room temperature conditions. The sensitivity of the films to carbon monoxide (CO) gas was assessed at various time intervals and temperatures. The results indicated that the film generated using spin coating exhibited a notably high sensitivity at a temperature of 200 °C, while the film prepared using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) approach had heightened sensitivity at a temperature of 150 °C. Keywords: Spin coating, SnO2 thin films, CBD, AFM, XRD, gas sensor.
In this article the nanoparticles synthesis of ZnO (Nps) by using the precipitation method at concentrations range (0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625, 0.03125) mg/mL and then activity was examined against Streptococcus spp that causing dental caries in vitro by well diffusion method, find these concentrations effected in these bacteria and better concentration is 0.03125. ZnO Nps were characterization by EDS to prove this particles are ZnO, and also characterized by atomic force microscope (AFM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and TEM, from these technic found that the average size about 30.52 nm and hexagonal shape. The UV-visible result reveals that the large band is observed at 340.8 nm, Zeta potential show that the surface charge is 30.19 mv an
... Show MoreThis study describe the effect of temperature on the optical
properties of nickel(ii) phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium
salt (NiPcTs) organic thin films which are prepared by spin coating
on indium tin oxide (ITO-glass). The optical absorption spectra of
these thin films are measured. Present studies reveal that the optical
band gap energies of NiPcTs thin films are dependent on the
annealing temperatures. The optical band gap decreases with increase
in annealing temperature, then increased when the temperature rising
to 473K. To enhance the results of Uv-Vis measurements and get
more accurate values of optical energy gaps; the Photoluminescence
spectra of as-deposited and annealed NiPcTs thin fi
The aim of this study was to increasing natural carotenoides production by a locally isolate Rodotorula mucilagenosa M. by determination of the optimal conditions for growth and production of this agents, for encouragest to use it in food application permute artificial pigments which harmfull for consumer health and envieronmental. The optimal condition of carotenoides production from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa M were studied. The results shows the best carbon and nitrogen source were glucose and yeast extract. The carotenoids a mount production was 47430 microgram ̸ litter and 47460 microgram ̸ litter, respectively, and the optimum temperature was 30°C, PH 6, that the carotenoides a mount was 47470 microgram ̸ litter and 47670 microgr
... Show MoreChukar partridge Alectoris chukar (Gray, 1830) is the only species of the 46 species of the genus Alectoris to be found in Iraq. At least there are fourteen subspecies of chukar were described from east Europe, the Middle East and west Asia, two of them were known to be found in Iraq, A.c. Kurdestanica (Meinertzhagen, 1923) from Alpine bio-geographical zone of altitude more than 2000m high, and A.c. werae Zarundny and Loudon, 1904, from the foothills of altitude not more than 400m. In between these two regions, there is another bio-geographical region known as the Irano-toranian zone 400-2000m high. Using morphological, ecological, behavioural, reproduction and hybridization criteria this study discove
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