يُبحر هذا البحث في أغوار نظام تنظيم التجارة الإلكترونية في العراق رقم (4) لسنة 2025، بوصفه تشريعاً استُحدث ليكون جسراً تعبرُ من خلاله الأسواق من نمطية المعاملات التقليدية إلى آفاق المنصات الرقمية العابرة للحدود، ويستقصي البحث بعينٍ ناقدة تلك الهفوات المفاهيمية والتنظيمية التي اعتلت صياغات النظام، لا سيما في اجتراح تعاريف دقيقة للتجارة الإلكترونية والتاجر الإلكتروني، فضلاً عن ارتباك ملامح نطاق السريان، ومتاهات إجراءات الإجازة، وآليات الرقابة والإنفاذ، وتتجلى إشكالية الدراسة في إحجام المشرّع عن وضع معيارٍ جليٍّ يحدد كنة الصفة التجارية في الفضاء الافتراضي، وعجزه عن رسم خطٍّ فاصلٍ بين التاجر المحترف وأصحاب الحرف الصغيرة المستثناة؛ وهي معضلةٌ تتفاقمُ مع بزوغ فجر المشاريع الرقمية التي باتت تدرُّ أرباحاً تفيض عما تحققه التجارة المادية الرتيبة؛ كما يسبر البحثُ غمار الغموض الذي يكتنف مفهوم الاحتراف، وتعقيدات الإثبات وحجية البيانات الرقمية، وتشابك الأدوار بين التاجر والوسيط والمنصة، معرجاً على معضلات الجنسية والإقليم وتنازع الاختصاص القضائي الدولي حينما يمارس الأجانب نشاطهم من وراء الحدود، ويُشرّح البحثُ بنية التشكيل الإداري الموكل إليه إدارة المنصات ومنح التراخيص، محذراً من مغبة الفساد وازدواجية الإجراءات الروتينية؛ ثم ينتقلُ لينبش في ضمانات حماية المستهلك، مستعرضاً حق الفسخ وطبيعة السلع الرقمية والعيوب الخفية، وصون البيانات الشخصية وإخطارات خرقها، وضوابط الإعلانات وقوائم المحظورات؛ ويختتم البحثُ رحلته بتحليل العقوبات والسياسة الضريبية الرقمية ومعاييرها، مع تسليط الضوء على سطوة الذكاء الاصطناعي وأثره في هندسة التسويق والتسعير للسلع والخدمات، في محاولةٍ لتقويم هذا الإطار التشريعي وضبط إيقاعه.
Emotional exhaustion considered one of the critical factors in the formation and composition of organizational behavior of individuals within organizations, as well as social behavior and psychological, and emotional exhaustion is one of the three components of burnout, as well as depersonalization (cynicism) and low achievement, the emergence of research relevant to this concept began at the beginning of the seventies of the twentieth century, then started to become clear features in the eighties it. This research aims to build intellectual framework for draining emotional exhaustion through highlight on most important philosophical contents, as well as review and analysis of some models associated with this concept, and then a
... Show MoreThis study aimed to investigate the role of Big Data in forecasting corporate bankruptcy and that is through a field analysis in the Saudi business environment, to test that relationship. The study found: that Big Data is a recently used variable in the business context and has multiple accounting effects and benefits. Among the benefits is forecasting and disclosing corporate financial failures and bankruptcies, which is based on three main elements for reporting and disclosing that, these elements are the firms’ internal control system, the external auditing, and financial analysts' forecasts. The study recommends: Since the greatest risk of Big Data is the slow adaptation of accountants and auditors to these technologies, wh
... Show MoreAbstract
Digital repositories are considered one of the integrated collaborative educational environments that help every researcher interested in developing the education and educational process. The learning resources provided by the repositories are suitable for every researcher, so digital information can be stored and exchanged by ensuring the participation and cooperation of researchers, teachers, and those who are interested, as well as curricula experts, teachers, and students, to exchange each other’s experiences in constantly updating that information as a reason for developing their performance in education. This reveals the importance of the role of educational digital institutions by providing and
... Show MoreThe research paper aims to highlight the impact of electronic governance in improving the quality of auditing through accounting disclosure and how to make use out of it in resolving many of the problems by economic units in general and in particular the financial problems in particular. It focuses on the most important financial information of the loss of confidence and credibility in the financial information of the economic units, This study has been carried out through the use and application of many of the principles and rules contained in the electronic governance, The most important Which is the accounting disclosure, and hence the dimensions of accounting for electronic governance through the achievement of ac
... Show MoreThe aesthetic contents of data visualization is one of the contemporary areas through which data scientists and designers have been able to link data to humans, and even after reaching successful attempts to model data visualization, it wasn't clear how that reveals how it contributed to choosing the aesthetic content as an input to humanize these models, so the goal of the current research is to use The analytical descriptive approach aims to identify the aesthetic contents in data visualization, which the researchers interpreted through pragmatic philosophy and Kantian philosophy, and analyze a sample of data visualization models to reveal the aesthetic entrances in them to explain how to humanize them. The two researchers reached seve
... Show MoreCorruption has become the subject of great interest, and the subject of research and scrutiny in recent years, because of its penetration in all fields of life, whether these fields are political, economic, social, and administrative. It is one of the biggest challenges and problems that are facing communities. Therefore, this study is focused on the evaluation of measures implementing the national strategy to combat corruption in Iraq.
This study was launched, first because of its intellectual dimensions to ensure a conceptual presentation of the strategy and operational management in general with a special focus on the processes of implementation and control str
... Show Moreresearch objectives to:
1. identify the social, economic and cultural factors affecting consumption.
2. detect the consumption culture among the population in the city of Erbil.
3. Identify the GATT consumer protection and rights.
The most important results:
1. that there is variation in the answers of respondents about keep up with modernity in the basic consumption (necessary), it swallowed the proportion of yes answers about keep up with modernity in food consumption (72%), and is an indication of growing consumer awareness of the individual in the side of nutrition. The clothing on the side of the proportion of yes answers amounted to (85%), in the health field note that the percentage of yes answers (83%), who are abr
Abstract The aim of this research is to show the grade of implementation of ISO 26000 (Social Responsibility Standard), specifically which related in clause sex (consumer issues), this study was achieved in Market Research and Consumer Protection Center (MRCPC) / University of Baghdad. The seven consumer issues of ISO 26000 was analyzed to show the extent of its implementation in MRCPC depending of using a check list as a principle instrument to collect research data and information. Results analysis was achieved by percentages and mean average. The research was leaded some of results and the most importance one was that the grade of implementation of the center in related to consumer issues given in the standard was medium
This research aims to focus on the reality of the imbalance of the balance of trade structure in order to improve it and determine the size of the imbalance as a result of dependence on one commodity, namely crude oil in the structure of exports versus the diversity of the structure of imports of various goods and goods.
In order to achieve that goal, a deductive approach was adopted, which included a shift from general theory data to special applications.
We have reached through the research to a number of conclusions, most notably the effectiveness of public spending in correcting the imbalance of the balance of trade structure during the study pe
... Show MoreThe investigative film is part of the documentary films and is considered one of the important films that have a high viewership by the recipient, which is of great importance in transmitting information and contributing to creating awareness of the community through the advertising function performed by the cinematic image, as the researcher addresses the concept of advertising and its development through the time stages. And advertising functions. Then the researcher dealt in his research with the cinematic technical elements that contribute to the success of the investigative advertising work, such as camera movements, music, sound effects, dialogue ... etc., which enrich the investigative picture with realism and the flow of informat
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