The main risks arising from the WTO Agreement are the inequality and lack of competitiveness of most pharmaceutical goods, as well as the fact that Iraq is a net importer of medicines that are at the core of consumer needs, The subject matter of the Convention on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights and its implications for the pharmaceutical industry, in particular, coinciding with the situation of financial and administrative corruption, all of which has resulted in drug fraud in the Iraqi market and its impact on public health. The control of medical technology, the persistence of the technological gap and its effects on high price levels, and the fact that domestic drug producers are obliged to obtain production licenses from global companies in the light of limited access to pharmaceutical research and development. The research aims at the impact of economic liberalization within the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its negative effects on consumers by highlighting the economic and social effects on consumption by raising prices and monopolies and restricting the volume of consumer demand because of the loss of the competitive advantage of pharmaceutical goods. Iraq's unwillingness to accede to the International Convention for the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the deterioration of the pharmaceutical industry meant increased dependence on the outside, increased trade deficits, higher price levels, and its adverse effects on consumers. Iraq finds it difficult for developed countries to use their intellectual rights as well as restrict industrial and agricultural work because production and production methods are now subject to their intellectual property protection law, which prevents any possible industrial development. The most significant potential short-term impact of TRIPS is the decline in drug production, which continues to be protected. The great challenge for drug producers is the need to obtain licenses from parent companies because of limited R & D potential. In the long run, the negative effects of TRIPS will be greater than in the short term, as they will create a major challenge for Iraqi pharmaceutical companies, namely, the need to obtain production licenses from parent companies to produce protected medicines. However, limited R & D potential for local firms The small size of the domestic market and the high cost of production discourages global companies from entering into alliances with Iraqi pharmaceutical companies. This reduces the potential for achieving the desired benefit of the TRIPS Convention for developing countries, including Iraq, by encouraging and attracting global investment to these countries. The mechanisms of the system of international relations, in particular the Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization (WTO), have brought debtor countries under the control of creditor States and have imposed economic and social costs on them as a result of adapting to global trends. However, the growing interdependence and interdependence of the world economy 59 Volume: 12, Issue: 1, January-March 2022 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES have led to increased risks and the spread of economic and financial crises and to the departure of globalization mechanisms from finding solutions to the economic and social problems of poor countries. review trade, investment, and exchange rate laws and reform legal, administrative, and financial systems. Priority should be given to strengthening the functional structure and combating economic crime and industrial and commercial fraud. Support, protection, and State sponsorship of domestic pharmaceutical industries, development of appropriate policies, and attention to market research to counter the negative effects of the WTO Convention and intellectual property protection laws. and the establishment of research and development centers to control drug technology, which will lead to capacity development to enhance competitive advantage, taking into account the importance of improving the quality and quality of products, their technical specifications, and their alignment with global changes.
This paper examined accounting information systems (AIS) as a mediator between small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) strategies, including (finance source, administrative innovation, organizational culture, developing capabilities levels of SMEs, information source, development of business managers, and technological innovation) and organizational performance. In this quantitative study, 450 self-administered questionnaires were distributed to the managers and owners of SMEs using purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling (SEM) method via SmartPLS3 Software. The study offers empirical findings on the importance of AIS as a mediator, considers various factors, a
Motives for public exposure to specialized sports satellite channels and the gratifications achieved about it - Research presented by (Dr. Dr. Laila Ali Jumaa), Imam Al-Kadhim College (peace be upon him) - Department of Information-2021.
The research aims to know the extent of public exposure to specialized sports satellite channels, and what gratifications are achieved from them, and to reach scientific results that give an accurate description of exposure, motives and gratifications verified by that exposure, and the research objectives are summarized in the following:
- Revealing the habits and patterns of public exposure to specialized sports satelli
An investigation was provided in this work for the host range of brown soft scale Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus in Baghdad Province. Five plant species were found infected by this insect, three of these species, Citrusaurantium L. (Rutaceae); Nerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae); Ficuscarica L. (Moraceae) reported earlier, and the remaining two, Dahlia pinnata Cav. (Asteraceae) and Myrtuscommunis L. (Myrtaceae) are recordedhere for the first time as host plants for this pest.
إن النجاح في أداء المتطلبات الفنية والخططية في أي من الألعاب ألرياضيه يستوجب امتلاك العناصر الاساسيه المتعلقة بطبيعة الاداء ونوع الفعالية الرياضية الممارسة , لذا فان اغلب الألعاب الرياضية تعتمد على مكونات ألقدره التوافقيه والادراكيه الحسيه بوصفها احد العناصر الاساسيه في المستويات العليا لما توفره من قاعدة اقتران للصفات البدنيه والحر كيه وقدرات أجهزة الجسم الوظيفية , وفقا للأسس المعتمدة في بناء مهاراته, وع
... Show MoreWars represent one of the most serious threats to the world order; It is considered a violation of international laws and norms, and humanitarian principles. From this point comes the study of the importance of the topic entitled (The Future of the Russian-Ukrainian war and the extent of its Reflection on the security of Eastern European countries after the year 2022). This study is based on reviewing future possibilities (scenarios) of war. The Russian-Ukrainian war, which was launched by the Russian government led by Russian President Vladimir Putin in February 2022, is still ongoing at the time of writing this research. This chapter includes three possibilities (scenarios). The first possibility deals with the development of the war t
... Show MoreBacteriocins were partially purified by ammonium sulphate 50% concentraction, bacteriocin activity of Pediococcus acidilactici-FMAC278 was 25600 U/ml with 5.8 folds and 7.6% yeild, the activity decrease to 12800 U/ml after dialysis with 6.3 folds and 3% yield, On the other hand the bacteriocin activity of Weissella paramesenteroides-DFR6 was 12800 U/ml with 2.7 folds and 8.8% yeild, after dialysis the activity became 6400 U/ml with 5.1 fold and 3.4% yield, Chicken Sausage were made by adding 0.25, 0.5 and 1% particaly purified bacteriocin to study its effect on microorganisms and increasing shelf life of Sausage. It is found that bacterial numbers were decreased after 3 days of storage at refrigerator at 0.5% conc. While the molds decrea
... Show MoreDomesticated translation has been for a long time the norm in cultural communication between nations all over the world. The texts are translated mainly into English (being the dominant language) in terms dictated principally by the requirements of the target language (English). The claim has been that fluency, readability, and immediate intelligibility can be guaranteed as far as the reader of the target language is concerned (English). The foreignness of the text (of the culture which produced it) would be not preserved. Not only this. Being the language of predominant cultures, English has become number one among languages into which texts are translated. The imbalance has been noticeable between the volumes of works translated from a
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