Water scarcity is a growing concern, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Sea of Najaf in Iraq is one such region facing water scarcity, with the lake serving as a crucial water source for the local population. Remote sensing systems "RS" and geographic information systems "GIS" are important techniques for monitoring environmental and land cover changes. This paper focuses on Sentinel-2B imagery for surface water mapping in the Sea of Najaf and evaluating the performance of maximum likelihood (MLC) classification method. The study area encompasses Sea of Najaf and its immediate surroundings. Two images for Sentinel-2B one image on December,29, 2015 and December,29,2022, were used for training and validating the classification mod

يُعدُّ المخطط الاساس خطة شاملة تعمل على تنظيم المتغيرات الاجتماعية والاقتصادية في المدينة، الى جانب ذلك تنطيق وتنظيم استعمالات الارض لمدة (20 – 30) سنة قادمة، وهو الناتج الوثائقي والمرئي للعملية التخطيطية. من  أبرز المشاكل البحث  ان المخططات الاساس المعدة لمدينة بغداد تعاني استمرار التغييرات رسمية وغير رسمية التي تحصل في استعمالات الأرض وعلى حساب الاستعمال الترفيهي ، وهذا يسبِّب خللاً في توزان الاستعم

Governance in emerging cities struggles in meeting people's expectations and requirements. Most international reports highlight the problem of service provision, guarantee and long-term sustainability. As cities and towns grow swiftly and irrevocably, they encounter resource and capacity constraints in managing the urbanization process. The experiences and strategic urban development plans in Lebanon have failed to meet the needs of people in the short and long term, which has prevented it from keeping pace with international developments and strategic planning approaches that are in line with the aspirations of any country.

It has become necessary to identify obstacles to strategic planning that prevent significant progress in k

As regional development, as a matter of course, poses a number of systemic, scientific and political problems. While the issue of development is primarily at the national level to the limits of World War II in the industrialized world and to the 1960s borders in most Third World countries, the increasing awareness of regional disparities has led to the regional issue Were taken into consideration in the early 1960s and 1970s in most industrialized and developing countries alike. The local issue was only introduced in the early 1980s. The awareness of regional disparities and the fact that the regions do not have the same potential and that some regions have the resources to enable them to develop, grow and develop, unlike other r

يسعى هذا البحث إلى دراسة مفهوم أنسنة المدن بوصفه أداة أساسية لتعزيز الـمشاركة المـجتمعية وتحسين نوعية الحياة في المناطق الحضرية، مع التركيز على مدينة بسـماية  في العــراق بوصفها نموذجًا عمليًا. تنبع الدراسة من إشكالية رئيسة تتعلَّق بضعف التفاعل الاجتماعي وغياب الانسجام بين الــبنية التـحتية والأنشطة المجتمعية. وتفترض أن تطبيق مبادئ أنسنة المدن يسهم في تعزيز التماسك الاجتماعي ودعم التنمية المستدامة.

This study try to discovering continuity in heritage, from its engaged with emotional side, the core of study is Islamic architectural, these architectural result still estate with time, due to role of it with Islam law, importance of continuity from finding real things of essential architects result The research reaching to concept of thoughtstaying, for Islamic heritage, as basic factor in continuity process by it is architecture. The mostly searches seeing imitation of figures as recently events, or as final result to stage conditions state, but we must remember the Islamic thinking as base stone to architecture results

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        Of the importance of the concept of ownership of real estate as the basic basis from which various projects are launched in various economic, tourism, and urban areas .... The need to research the diagnosis of real estate reality went astray in the difficulties, which played a decisive role in the process of urban development.

 This leads us to the research problem of the difficulty of implementing urban development plans in many cases due to the absence of a clear methodology for organizing and modernizing the ownership of real estate and its coordination with the management of urban land and to achieve the objective

The process of identifying the region is not an easy process when compared with other operations within the attribute or similarity. It is also not difficult if the process of identifying the region is based on the standard and standard indicators in its calculation. The latter requires the availability of numerical and relative data for the data of each case Any indicator or measure is included in the legal process

In light of increasing demand for energy consumption due to life complexity and its requirements, which reflected on architecture in type and size, Environmental challenges have emerged in the need to reduce emissions and power consumption within the construction sector. Which urged designers to improve the environmental performance of buildings by adopting new design approaches, Invest digital technology to facilitate design decision-making, in short time, effort and cost. Which doesn’t stop at the limits of acceptable efficiency, but extends to the level of (the highest performance), which doesn’t provide by traditional approaches that adopted by researchers and local institutions in their studies and architectural practices, limit

The environmental problems that have emerged recently as a result of pressure on the environment due to the increase in population size, especially in urban cities, where this increase was accompanied by the need for housing as well as the need for services and activities. This led to the establishment of many vertical residential buildings represented by residential complexes within the urban fabric of the city of Baghdad. As part of following the methodology of urban dictation policies in empty areas, and to accommodate the largest number of residents as a result of the multiplicity of floors and housing, these buildings must be subject to the standards and requirements of sustainability at the level of their spatial location and their

المستخلص:

تعاني معظم المدن العراقية من تزايد معدلات تلوث الهواء وقلة المناطق الخضراء التي تُعدُّ من اهم طرق الحدِّ من الملوثات الجوية ورفع جودة الهواء، مثلت هذه الدراسة تحليلا للعلاقة بين التوزيع المكاني للمناطق الخضراء من جهة وأماكن تركز الملوثات الجوية بمختلف أنواعها من جهة أخرى، ولكون المناطق الخضراء في المدينة تكون بأصناف متعدِّدة وان لكل صنف منها قدرات متفاوتة في الحد من الملوثات الجوي

الملخص: ظاهرة الزحف العمراني تُعتبر واحدة من الظواهر أو المشاكل المهمة التي تعاني منها البلدان في هذا العالم، حيث تؤثر على الأراضي الزراعية واستدامة المدن، مما يؤدي إلى انكماش وتقلص المناطق الزراعية. تكمن أهمية البحث في معرفة التغييرات التي حدثت في تغطية النباتات خلال تلك الفترة الزمنية وتحديد مدى تأثيرها . يتناول هذا البحث تطور الظاهرة في المنطقة خلال الفترة (2000-2020) في مدينة بغداد، حيث تم استخدام نظم المعل

The interaction in the city is reflected in the movement of people motivated by their activities and their economic and social goals, which include many variables subject to the planning process in the interpretation of this movement and the mapping of trends of transport intensity through the concept of transport function and its functional relationships with the uses of the earth in the sustainability and effectiveness of the movement of transport and Economic activity and population movement. Transport planners are concerned with the requirements of land use, which are linked to and included in the transport planning process as a factor for the future transport needs. There is a strong relationship between the transport system

The region is defined by the spatial dimension, which consists of a set of stabilizers (towns and villages). The concept of the territory requires conditions on the nature of functional relations and the mutual influence of the regions within the region. Any territory must be based on the interdependence and interaction between the mother city and its surrounding countryside and cities, and when the interdependence is strong and the interaction is clear, it helps to define the territory. The regions are divided on different bases. There are geographically or national homogeneous regions, and there are cultural regions that want to preserve their culture in terms of language or religion. There are administrative regions to manage

The purpose of this study is to describe the extent and nature of informal tenure practices in urban areas in Iraq, through undertaking a rapid assessment in Baghdad city. The UN-HABITAT 2008 publication Secure Land Rights for All discusses the importance of access and rights to land throughout the developing world. Secure land rights are critical to development and poverty reduction, and the greatest challenge in providing secure land rights are in urban areas, where overcrowding can lead to a number of informal tenure practices ranging from individually unregistered or unauthorised housing, to large informal settlements. Access to land is a fundamental basis for human shelter, food production, and other economic activity. Secur

The housing sector in Iraq has suffered from multiple problems, the most prominent of which is the failure of the housing market to achieve housing production that faces population increases and a high number of households.

The research aims to foresight the future of the housing sector,  and to identify the expectations of experts in the development of the housing sector and housing production, in order to overcome the obstacles and problems.

Foresight does not mean forecasting about future events, but rather it is a process and skill aimed at familiarity with providing sufficient knowledge to achieve the desired future goals, Accordingly, adopting a method of future foresight will reduce error,  surprise and s

  The indicators were important core for any work, and may be occurring this indicators way of communicating among planers and decision makers, even also for public participating, do make any decision. The urban and regional planning is one of those science highly depending on using indictors, for two  reasons, first, way to communicating ideas between specialist and non-specialist, (politician and decision makers), the second one, this field are multidisciplinary science, so the need indictors to clearing thoughts among different backgrounds in one team, as common language.

This research tries to clear importance of GIS in forming and building Spatial Planning Indicators, to cross communication problem among planning g

The study relied on data about the health sector in Iraq in 2006 in cooperation with the Ministry of Health and the Central Bureau of Statistics and Information Technology in 2007 Included the estimates of the population distribution of the Baghdad province and the country depending on the population distribution for 1997,evaluate the health sector which included health institutions, and health staff, and other health services. The research Aimis; Measurement an amount and size of the growth of health services (increase and decrease) and the compare of verified in Iraq and Baghdad, and evaluate the effectiveness of the distribution of supplies and health services (physical and human) of the size of the population distribution and

المستخلص

لكل إنسان الحق في التعليم، والدولة ملزمة قانوناً بتوفيره لشعبها، ومن هذا المنطلق فإن الخدمة التعليمية هي إحدى الخدمات التي تحكمها وتشرف عليها الدولة، تلبِّي هذه الخدمة التعليمية احتياجات العصر من خلال إعداد الخريجين للانخراط في أنشطة الحياة على كافة الأبعاد الاجتماعية والاقتصادية.

تم تسليط الضوء في هذا البحث على دراسة تقييم كفاءة الخدمات التعليمية في ناحية ال

The aim of the research is to identify the extent of the direct and indirect relationship of the population growth of the cities as a result of the urbanization process witnessed by the Arab region for the urban development of the city structures and their formative structures, changing the planning criteria of some cities and the extent of their changes in spatial and temporal dimensions and their relation to the standards of the western cities. In changing the concept of the modern Arab city, such as the emergence of new functional uses affecting the change in the pattern of formal formations of its urban fabric associated with its ancient morphology and distinctive human nature. The research seeks to identify the extent to which plann

          The study of services in villages is one of the imperative matters that must   be focused on, because it leads to increased attention, which reduces the differences between the countryside and the urban. The extent of its.

  It is well known that community services need to be reached by a person, unlike the anchor services that reach people, here the population distribution plays an important and prominent role in signing these services, so the dispersed distribution pattern and the gathering pattern appeared in the distribution, thus an effect on the time and distance that the person walked to obtain The services are community-based. Therefore

Population density represents an important indicator for determining the growth of the size of urban areas. Population density has a direct impact on the quality of life, and its excessive rise may lead to the deterioration of basic service facilities. The problem of the research is that the increase in the total population densities of the residential neighborhood may reflect negatively on the nature of the services provided to the residents in these shops, and thus the failure to achieve sustainability in the residential locality. The research assumes that the increase in population densities negatively affects the achievement of sustainability in the residential neighborhood.