In this study, an efficient photocatalyst for water splitting was developed. The Cr₂O₃ and TiO₂ nanoparticles (Cr₂O₃-TNPs) nanocomposite with (Chitosan extract) was created using ecologically friendly methods, such as the impregnation technique as TiO₂ exhibits nano spherical (TNPs) shape structure. According to the researchers, this nanocomposite material enhanced its ability to absorb ultraviolet light while also speeding up the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. The TNPs and prepared Cr₂O₃-TNPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive x-ray sp

The need for optical fibers has emerged for its ability to transmit information with less attenuation and over long distances. In this work, four optical fibers with core radii from 1 μm to 4.75 μm in steps of 1.25 μm and a numerical aperture of 0.17 were studied and their modes properties have been calculated at a wavelength of 633 nm by using RP Fiber Calculator (free version 2022). Also, the effect of increasing the core radius on these properties has been studied. Multimode fibers can be obtained when the radius of the fiber core is large compared to the operating wavelength of the fiber which is less than the cutoff wavelength of the mode. Otherwise, a single-mode fiber is obtained. It has been concluded that all the calculated p

This research aims to evaluate The effect of plant extract concentration as antifungal. Fusarium fungus was isolated from the eggplant and cucumber plants that infested them. These were tested for concentrations of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum according to the food poisoning method. The inhibition rate was calculated by measuring the diameter of the colony compared to the control. The results showed that in the crude extract of Eucalyptus at a concentration of 12%, the percentage of growth inhibition was 100% on Fusarium oxysporum, compared to the crude extract of Mentha spicata where the percentage of inhibition was 80.11%. At the same concentration, and the percentage of inhibition of Eucalyptus e

With the development of high-speed network technologies, there has been a recent rise in the transfer of significant amounts of sensitive data across the Internet and other open channels. The data will be encrypted using the same key for both Triple Data Encryption Standard (TDES) and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), with block cipher modes called cipher Block Chaining (CBC) and Electronic CodeBook (ECB). Block ciphers are often used for secure data storage in fixed hard drives, portable devices, and safe network data transport. Therefore, to assess the security of the encryption method, it is necessary to become familiar with and evaluate the algorithms of cryptographic systems. Block cipher users need to be sure that the ciphers the

The current study was designed to identify the histological composition of the ileum in the Caucasian squirrel Sciurus anomalus. Ten adult squirrels were used for the present study. Animals were anesthetized, anatomized, fixed the study specimens in 10% formalin solution, and conducted a series of histological staining techniques. The ileum consists of four main tunicae represented by mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. The tunica mucosa consists of three secondary layers: the epithelial lining layer, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa. The epithelial lining comprises simple columnar epithelial tissue composed of columnar cells and goblet cells. The lamina propria contains simple straight tubular glands called the int

The aims of the paper are to present a modified symmetric fuzzy approach to find the best workable compromise solution for quadratic fractional programming problems (QFPP) with fuzzy crisp in both the objective functions and the constraints. We introduced a modified symmetric fuzzy by proposing a procedure, that starts first by converting the quadratic fractional programming problems that exist in the objective functions to crisp numbers and then converts the linear function that exists in the constraints to crisp numbers. After that, we applied the fuzzy approach to determine the optimal solution for our quadratic fractional programming problem which is supported theoretically and practically. The computer application for the algo

Using an electrochemical polymerization technique at room temperature, poly nicotine amide (PNA) was produced from the monomer nicotine amide (NA) in aqueous solution. The structure of polymer layer generated on the stainless steel surface (316 L) (working electrode) is investigated by Fourier Transmission Infrared Region (FT-IR). The anti-corrosion activity of polymer coating on the stainless steel (SS 316 L) is investigated by electrochemical polarization in 0.20M solution of HCl at 293-323K. The graphene -modified polymer film-coated SS had greater protection efficiency (PE percent) when compared to Nano ZnO -modified polymer film-coated SS. For the corrosion process of SS 316 L, kinetic and thermo-dynamic parameters of activation are

     The present study includes a theoretical treatment to derive the general equations of pumping threshold power ( ), laser output power (P_out), and laser device efficiency (ƞ) of the element-doped thin-disk laser (Yb³⁺) with a quasi-three-level pumping scheme in the continuous wave mode at a temperature of (299K^°). In this study, the host crystals (YAG) were selected as typical examples of this laser design in a Gaussian transverse mode. The numerical solution of these equations was made using Matlab software by selecting the basic parameters from the recently published scientific articles for the laser design of these crystal hosts. According to this simulation, this article studied the effect o

Different compositions of hydrogels composed of mathacrylamide homopolymer (60 and 90% of PMAM) were prepared using the free radical polymerization technique, with and without methylene bisacrylamide as crosslinker (0 and 3%). Several parameters and properties were studied to evaluate their performance as oil/water separators. Many parameters are used, such as residual oil in water, water recovery, separation time, hydrogels coated percentages, swelling parameters, mechanical properties, microscopic and photographic images, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that water recovery (87-97), Separation efficiency (96.2-99.6 %), separation time (6-9.5 min.), hydrogels coated percentages (18-23 %), water content (70-97 %), and

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) could be regarded as a set of chronic metabolic disorders which have a common aspect of hyperglycemia. The resistance in the peripheral actions of insulin or impaired insulin secretion could be the reason  hepcidin which is a peptide hormone derived from liver, in systemic iron homeostasis is an essential regulator, and its lopsided production participates in the pathogenesis of iron disorders in spectrum. Osteoporosis often accompanies many diseases like ß-thalassemia, hemochromatosis, sickle liver diseases, cell disease and hemosiderosis featured by iron overload, evidences suggest that Iron overload and iron deficiency are suggested by evidences that they affec

This research included the preparation of Ni, Pd oxide and Pt metal nanoparticles derived from Schiff base (E)-2-(((2,5-dichlorophenyl)imino)methyl)-4-methyl phenol octahedral from Ni(II) complex and square planar from Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes using pulsed laser ablation immersed in deionized water. The optical properties of the prepared NiO, PdO, and Pt nanoparticles were investigated using UV-Visible spectra and FTIR spectrophotometer. The shape and structure were analyzed by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and the X-ray Diffraction Instrument XRD. By using the Scherrer equation, the results showed Ni, Pd, and Pt nanos with average particle sizes of 28.53nm, 20.47nm, and 22.30nm. The biological acti

In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the change in water quality of the river in terms of turbidity during lockdown associated with COVID-19. Iraq announced the longest-ever lockdown on 25 March 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic. 

In the absence of ground observations, remote sensing data was adopted, especially during this period. The change in the visible region's spectral reflectance of water in part of the river has been analyzed using the Landsat 8 OLI multispectral remote sensing data at Tigris River, Salah al-Din province (Bayji / near the refinery), Iraq. It was found that the green and red bands are most sensitive and can be used to estimate turbidity. Furthermore, the temporal variation in turbidity was a

This work used the deposition method to synthesize nickel oxide nanoparticles. The materials mainly used in this study were nickel sulfate hexahydrate (as a precursor) and NaOH (as a precipitant). The properties of the nanopowder were characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, and VSM. The obtained results confirmed the presence of nickel oxide nanoparticles with a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure with a lattice constant (a=4.17834 Å). Scherer and Williamson-Hall equations were used to calculate the crystallite size of about (30.5-35.5) nm. The FE-SEM images showed that the particle shape had a ball-like appearance with a uniform and homogeneous distribution and confirmed that the particles were within the nanoscale. The presence of oxygen a

  The influence of annealing on quaternary compound Ag0.9Cu0.1InSe2 (ACIS) thin film is considered a striking semiconductor for second-generation solar cells. The film deposited by thermal evaporation with a thickness of about 700 nm at R.T and vacuum annealing at temperatures (373,473) K for 1 hour. It was deposited in a vacuum of 4.5*10-5 Torr on a glass substrate. From XRD and AFM analysis, it is evident that Ag0.9Cu0.1InSe2 films are polycrystalline in nature, having ideal stoichiometric composition. Structural analysis indicated that annealing the films following the deposition resulted in the increasing polycrystalline phase with the preferred orientation along (112) direction. , increasing crystallite size and average grain size

  The term end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is often used to describe people who have the last stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and are undergoing dialysis or a kidney transplant for treatment. Hemodialysis (HD) is the most prevalent technique that is utilized to eliminate waste and other hazardous chemicals from the body. The study aims to assess the role of serum Urokinase plasminogen activator (UPA) levels among Iraqi hemodialysis patients. The study encompassed 50 patients aged 40–74 years (21 males and 29 females) admitted to the Iraqi dialysis center at Baghdad Teaching Hospital for the period from October 2022 to February 2023. They were diagnosed based on previous medical reports and laboratory and clinical tests by a cons

        Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has a high predisposition to many cardiometabolic risk factors that increase susceptibility to severe complications of COVID-19 and also exhibit an increased likelihood of subfertility. Therefore, women with polycystic ovary syndrome may be disproportionately affected by this epidemic and its related consequences. The accumulation of extra body fat that has the possibility of affecting health is referred to as obesity, which is the outcome of an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, whereby more calories are consumed than are expended through exercise. This study investigated the relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and insulin resistance and other parameters in PCOS

         Determination of serum nerve growth factor (NGF) and vitamin B12 in Iraqi female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and assessment of the effect of disease duration on the development of nerve damage. In addition, NGF may be a predictive marker for nerve damage in SEL patients. The current study included 130 individuals whose ages ranged from 18 to 48 years old, 100 of whom were female patients with SLE and 30 individuals as controls. Each patient was diagnosed after undergoing a thorough clinical evaluation backed by laboratory testing by a board-certified rheumatologist. The patients were classified according to the duration of disease into 15  patients with a disease duration of less than 3 months (G1),

The aim of our current study was to identify the effect of particulate matter of both types (PM2.5 and PM10) resulting from hookah smoking on the hemopoietic system of workers (smokers) in closed cafes. This study included six stations (cafes) on the Rusafa side of Baghdad city and conducted a blood test that included a complete blood count (CBC). A multifunctional air quality detector measured both types of particulate matter in the morning peak and evening peak. The study included 30 men (workers and smokers) and 30 men (non-smokers), whose ages ranged from 20 to 40 years.

The study found that smokers had an increase in white blood cells and red blood cells, as well as an increase in the percentage of hemoglobin (HGB), hematocri

One of the most efficient anthracycline anti-cancer medications, doxorubicin, is used to treat lymphoid malignancies. Intercalation with deoxyribonucleic acid is a key component of its primary chemotherapeutic mode of action, which can ultimately lead to heart failure. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether the ethanolic extract of Ammi majus had any cardioprotective effects against doxorubicin toxicity in mice. 48 mature Albino male mice were separated into six groups and distributed as follows: for 14 days, Group I: "negative control" received distilled water; Group II: mice received a single oral daily dose of 64 mg/kg of Ammi majus seeds extract; Group III: mice received a single oral daily dose of 1

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health issue that is linked to  early death and low quality of life. Management in its early phases may lead to better health results. Chronic inflammation related to  advanced CKD, as indicated by higher levels of different pro-inflammatory cytokines or impacted levels of acute-phase proteins. This study was carried out in order to assess the roles of interleukins (IL-3 and IL-22), some  kidney functions, complete blood count (CBC) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in CKD progression. Commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were utilized to calculate interleukin (IL-3 and IL-22) levels in the serum of 60 patients with CKD (age range 20-87 years) and 30

Baghdad is considered one of the most crowded cities, and it is the location of all government institutions, making it a destination for people from all other provinces. This results in increased traffic density, which in turn leads to increased emissions that contribute to air pollution in the form of gases and particulate matter. This study was conducted from July to December 2022 in the Karkh district of the city, where the Salahuddin highway was divided into five sites based on the presence or absence of plant barriers on either side of the road. PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 pollutant concentrations and climatic factors were measured at each site during morning and afternoon peak hours. The study found that concentrations exc

   The excessive and unwarranted use of pesticides at different stages of crop production can pose a great danger to the aquatic environment, and particularly to fish. Haematological parameters are indicated to be important for environmental pollution. Blood parameters respond to low doses of pollutants, so hematological changes in common carp fish are used for assessing the effects of contaminants. Toxicological effects of Goldate and Alexander individuals combined as a mixture were observed by monitoring hematological parameters in common carp fish. There were 3 concentration groups (1/10, 1/100, and 1/200) for every pesticide (Goldate, Alexander, and mixture of Goldate and Alexander)  exposed to juvenile fish (60–80 gm. in weigh

Recently, it has been revealed that Toxoplasmosis may be associated with some factors related to type 2 diabetes, such as glucose, insulin, the Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistant (HOMA-IR), and Fatty acid binding protein (FABP). Therefore, the current study aimed to specify how Toxoplasma gondii (T.gondii) infection affects glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, and FABP among adolescents. From October to December 2022, this study was carried out at Al Madain Hospital in Baghdad. For a group of adolescents visiting the hospital, an ELISA test was performed to check their anti-T.gondii antibodies. Ninety adolescents were selected to participate in the study on the basis of this examination. They were divided

Staphylococcus aureus is an extracellular and intracellular microbe that can infect different mammalian cells like epithelial, endothelial, and osteoblasts. It is a source of recurrent infection and has persistently caused a variety of human diseases, like skin infections and systemic diseases such as osteomyelitis, endocarditis, pneumonia, bacteremia, sepsis, and toxic shock syndrome. Diagnosed (30) isolates of S. aureus have been taken from urine. A clinical sample has been done according to the culture on mannitol salt agar and biochemical tests, then identification through amplification of the 16srRNA gene by conventional PCR, detection of spa and eap genes by conventional PCR found all isolated to

One of the main complications in patients with Diabetes Mellitus is diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), a significant and common disease. The wound of a diabetic foot reduces  vascular supply and decrease host immune response, facilitating bacterial infection. The pathogen that is most commonly isolated in DFUs is Staphylococcus aureus. The purpose of this work was to identify S. aureus by conventional, biochemical, and molecular detection of the virulence factor genes in DFUs. This case cohort study was directed at Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital (AIsamawa, Iraq) and Medical City/Baghdad Hospital (Baghdad, Iraq) from January to July 2022, and it involved 140 patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Extraction of bacterial DNA from t

Nuclear energy levels in  with modest occupancy of the fp-LS shell have been studied within shell model calculations. The interactions used to determine the nuclear energy levels are FPD6, KB3G, and FPY using the fp shell and d3f7cospn for 1d3/21f7/2 model space. Results are compared with each other, and with the existing experimental data, there is clear agreement with some results. Aside from the excellent agreements in the replicated values of energy levels scheme, using model space interactions is the best-fitted two-body matrix element in the fp shell model space. Particularly below 3MeV, the overall estimation of the replicated data is excellent. The wave vectors and analysis are represented in the so-called diagrammatic notation,

   A global scientific study found that reducing the excessive and indiscriminate use of antimicrobial medicinal drugs in all their forms significantly improved food safety. We made aqueous and organic extracts (Ex1, Ex2, and Ex3) from two plants (Origanum majorana and Matricaria chamomilla) to create the best alternative form for antimicrobial preventive agents that cause food spoilage. Traditional methods determined the most essential compounds in plants, and we used the FTIR analysis technique for all treatments to observe impurities such as glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and phenolic substances. This study points to synergistic activity for plant extracts (Origanum majorana and Matr

Manganese dioxide nanoparticles were synthesized by the green method using leek with Manganous Sulphate Monohydrate, (MnSO₄.H₂O) in an environmentally friendly manner. The obtained MnO₂ particle was characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), field scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and (UV-Visible) spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction pattern showed peaks belonging to manganese oxide nanoparticles; 34.07 nm is the average crystalline size. From the field-scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) image, the surface morphology shows that the nanoparticles are spherical and rocky in shape. An atomic force microscopy (AFM) atomic force microscope was used to show MnO_2<

  The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of waste water from the Dora refinery's treatment unit on tomato Lycopersicon esculentum grown in three types of soil taken from the same area, with consideration to the number of leaves, lycopene, and beta-carotene content in tomato yield, as well as the plant's ability to absorb the toxic compounds furfural and -1, 2 dibromoethane. The experiment was carried out using pots in the glass house belonging to the Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences/Ibn Al-Haytham, University of Baghdad, for the seasons 20/9/2022–19/3/2023. The experiment included 45 treatments with 3 types of soil (clay, mixed, and sandy), and each type of soil had 5 treatmen

This article presents a comprehensive theoretical study of the electronic properties of tin oxide (SnO₂), with a particular focus on its band structure and carrier mobility. Through the utilization of density functional theory (DFT) and advanced computational methods, we delve into the intricacies of the electronic behavior of SnO₂ . By solving the Schrödinger equation and the Kohn-Sham equation, we calculate the electronic energy eigenvalues and wave functions, which provide valuable insights into the band structure, effective mass, and carrier mobility of SnO₂. Our findings contribute to a solid theoretical foundation for further experimental investigations and technological advancements in this field.