Background: Routine use of nasogastric tubes, after abdominal operations, is intended to hasten the return of bowel function, prevent pulmonary complications, diminish the risk of
anastomotic leakage, increase patient comfort and shorten hospital stay. Aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of routine nasogastric decompression after abdominal surgery, in
achieving each of the above goals.
Patients and methods:Two hundred and twelve patients having abdominal operations of any type, emergency and elective have been followed prospectively over a period of three years (1st December 2004 until end of December 2007) in Baghdad teaching hospital. Patients were randomized into two groups. Group 1 had naso

Back ground:Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is indicated in the exploration of superficial and deep masses. The accuracy of this procedure differs in various studies, and according to the organ explored. Palpable mammary masses of concern to the patient or clinician should be aspirated, regardless of imaging findings.
Objective: The present study aimed at evaluation of cytological results of FNA of different palpable breast lesions, using histopathological diagnosis as the gold standard for final diagnosis.
Patients & Methods: This prospective study includes 289 females with palpable breast lesions. FNA aspiration was conducted in a private out patient clinic during the period of 1994-2004. The cytolo

Background: To determine the DNA content in subfertile patients and to correlate it with seminal sperm concentration.
Design: Prospective observational study.
Setting: College of Medicine, Dept. of Physiological chemistry and Institute for embryo Research and infertility treatment-University of Baghdad.The study was conducted
through years 2004-2005.
Methods: A random sample of 61 subfertile male patients undergoing semen evaluation and aged from 20-45 years were studied. Semen samples were assessed for seminal sperm
concentration microscopically and were classified into 3 different groups according to count (million/ml).Then sperm D N A content (μg/ml) was estimated using a microchemical
spectropho

Background: uterine involution is the process by which the postpartum uterus returning to its prepregnant state by the process of autolysis. The aim of the study is to fallow the uterine involution sonographicly during the first two weeks of puerperium and clinical correlation of several puerperal conditions was sought.
Patients and methods: One hundred full term women were delivered in one of Baghdad hospital during a six month period were followed by serial sonogram during the first two weeks of the puerperal period to show the normal process of uterine regression in relation to several condition .The rate of uterine involution were shown as percentage drop in uterine volume at day (7) and day (14)&nbsp

Background: Otitis media with effusion(OME)is a common cause of deafness in children with subsequent impairment of speech development and scholastic difficulties.Treatment
remains controversial.
Aim: To study the effect of amoxicillin-clavulanate in treatment of OME
Patients and methods: A prospective study of a target sample consisting of sixty children under the age of 12 years presented with chief complaints duration for at least 6 weeks and
on examination there were bilateral red and retracted tympanic membranes without oversized adenoids and no underlying causes require surgical correction e.g cleft palate.The
patients were divided into two groups;group A which received Actifed for 4 weeks and grou

Background; Polycystic disease of the• ovary is complex of symptoms with virious clinical, hormonal and biochemical abnormalities.
Setting; AL-Elwyia Maternity Teaching Hospital
Aim; to test the ability of pioglitazone in correcting biochemical and hormonal changes among unmarried women with PCO.
Design; Prospective
Methods: 23 women with PCO in whom previous treatment with metformin has failed were recruited to participate in the study. All the women were single with chronic unovulation and
menstrual abnormalities and hirsutism. They were put on pioglitazone 30 mg daily for 6 months. FSH, LH, LH/ FSH, fasting insulin level, free testosterone, estradiol, and serum sex binding
globulin as well as mi

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an endemic protozoal disease in Iraq. Recovery from the disease confers a solid and permanent immunity. Vaccination with a living inoculum of promastigotes isolated from culture reduce the incidence of disease.
Objective: To show the efficacy of different types of antigens for protection of Balb/c mice against cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Methods: Thirty Balb Ic mice were divided in to six groups, groups 1-4 were immunized with different types of antigens (heat killed, freezing-thawing, formalin fixed and ultrasonicated). Received June 2005 Group 5 was treated with freshly harvested viable promastigotes from liquid medium as positive Accepted Nov. 2005 control and group 6 was kept as negative con

Summary:
Background Mastalgia is described as diffused or itching pain of the breast. Usually, active movement of heavy breast supported by weak suspensory ligaments contribute mainly to the etiology of mastalgia which is considered the most frequent complaint of women attending Al-Elwiya teaching hospital for consultation.
Objective:- The aim was to minimiged breast pain in mastalgic women By wearing the sport brassieres with or without the Use of danazol
Patient and method :- Tow hundred and fifty cyclic and non cyclic women suffering
from some degrees of mastalgia were chosen randomly from breast clinic of AL-Elwiya teaching hospital from June 2004 till August 2005. The mastaligic women were divided into 3 groups: group A

Background: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is the most polymorphic genetic system in main.

Background: Neuropsychiatric symptoms are typical consequences in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There is no apparent link between the clinical parameters of SLE patients and the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Objectives: to determine the incidence of neurological manifestations and the risks associated with them in SLE patients.

Patients and Methods: This is a case-series study comprised of 65 patients who visited the rheumatology department at Baghdad Teaching Hospital/Medical City between January 2022 and February 2023. All patients' demographic and clinical data, including age, gender, disease duration, type and duration of treatment, gener

Background: Decreased thyroid hormone synthesis and low levels of circulating thyroid hormones result in clinical and biochemical changes in hypothyroidism. As
deficiency of thyroid hormones causes many metabolic processes to slow down, therefore; the maintenance of optimal health requires an adequate supply of
carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, and macronutrients, micronutrients, and trace elements.
Objective: Study the effect of the changing in serum level of the trace elements; Zn, Cu, Mn, and Se in hypothyroid patient.
Patients and Method: Thirty seven hypothyroid patients and fifteen normal healthy control persons were participated in this study. Serum zinc and copper were determined using

Backgrounds: Tribulus terrestris is one of the traditional herbs that have a revolutionary breakthrough in the management of erectile dysfunction and
have become world –wide as an “instant treatment”
Materials & Methods: Tribulus terrestris was given daily to mature male mouse in a dose of 2 mg /kg body weight for 14 days .10% formalin fixed
paraffin sections were performed for histological, histochemical and morphometrical studies.
Results: Histological and histochemical studies demonstrated a considerable increase in the number of spermatocytes, spermatids and sperms in parallel
with an increase number of interstitial (Leydig) cells. Morphometrically, the thickness of seminiferous tubul

Background:

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) it includes two-condition Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) the prolonged inflammation may cause invasion of the multiple layers of the intestinal walls result in GIT damage. The current study was carried out in Baghdad teaching hospital and gastroenterology hospital from November 2021 to May 2022.  In order to show if the diagnostic marker of IBD which are IL6& calprotectin are rises in saliva as in sera and if there are significant differences in the levels of those markers between UC patients and healthy control subjects.

The subjects included twenty five patients suffering from ulcerative colitis and twenty f

Background: Male infertility is a multifactorial condition influenced by various physiological and biochemical factors. Seminal fluid composition plays a crucial role in sperm function and fertilization potential. Chitotriosidase is a chitinase enzyme released by activated macrophages and is highly conserved and controlled. The notable chitinase in humans plays a significant role in the body's immunological response and is linked to inflammation, infection, tissue damage, and remodeling processes. On the other hand, malondialdehyde is a marker of lipid peroxidation, reflecting oxidative stress levels.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the correlation between malondialdehyde levels and Chitotr

Background: Psoriasis is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease with unknown aetiology that may be associated with the defect in proliferation and differentiation of the keratinocytes related to inflammatory cell infiltration. According to published reports, it is universal in occurrence; its prevalence in different populations varies from 0.1% to 11.8%. Receiving Apremilast resulted in a strong reduction in interleukin 17 and interleukin 23, as well as reduced expression of other inflammatory cytokines and improvement of psoriatic lesions.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the impact of Apremilast on levels of IL-17, IL-23, and lipids in obese psoriatic patients.

Methods: Thirty obe

Background: dorsal spine intervertebral disc prolapse (IVDP) not a very common entity compared with cervical & lumbar region usually treated surgically.

Patients & method: 22 patients studied in the specialized surgical hospital neurosurgical department from Jan 2002 till Jan. 2006. the study included age, gender, cases. clinical features, diagnoses & surgical management.

Results: 22 patients were studied 76% of the patients are at the age of 30-60 with slight male predominance, all diagnosed by MRI & or CT scan, all managed surgically by laminectomy the results are compared with other studies.

Conclusion: posterior thoracic laminectomy at the dorsal region is a safe, simple procedure with good res

Back ground: Two groups of diabetic patients ((the first include 20 patients complaining from diabetes mellitus alone, and the second include patients that
complain from both hypertension and diabetes mellitus)) were included in this study. These patients were chosen((from a large number of patients, with a proved
diagnosis, that are referred to the neurophysiology unit from the department of medicine)) to be of the same age group and gender, so that any of these two factors
can no longer be a source of any possible error in the results.
Patients & methods: The electrophysiological tests that were done to all of our patients include: sensory latency and sensory amplitude for the ulnar and sural
nerv

Background:

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Background: Endoscopic treatment is widely accepted as the most effective method for controlling acute ulcer bleeding and preventing ulcer rebleeding.
Objective: is to compare efficacy and safety of local endoscopic injection of adrenaline to normal saline in bleeding peptic ulcers and to identify the risk of rebleeding after successful endoscopic hemostasis.
Patients and methods: This is a prospective study of 77 patients with bleeding peptic ulcers were treated by local endoscopic injection of adrenaline or NS. Patients who succeeded initial hemostasis were admitted and followed for rebleeding events. Rebleeding was confirmed by urgent endoscopy followed by referral to urgent surgery. Outcome was mea

Introduction:
Vibrios are gram negative rods bacteria that are all widely distributed in nature the vibrose are found in marine and surface waters. They are curved aerobic rods
and are motile, possessing a polar flagellum. V.vibrios sero group 01 and related Vibrios cause cholera cause sepsis or enteritis Vibrio cholerae The epidemiology
of cholera closely parallels the recognition of V.cholerae transmission in water and the development of sanitary water system (1,2,6,9). V. C is a comma-shaped, curved rod 2-4 long .It is actively motile by means of polar flagellu on prolonged cultivation. Vibros may become straight rod that  resemble the gram-negative enteric bacteria (1,2,6,9). V.C. grow well

Background:
tuberculosis is an endemic disease in Yemen. Abdominal Tuberculosis (AT) is the most common extra pulmonary manifestation of the disease.The clinical picture
can be non specific.Laparoscopy is the most accurate diagnostic method but has its limitation depending on presentation.
The aim of this study was to present the common clinical manifestation and the different type of Abdominal TB,the surgical procedure used,the morbidity and
mortality of the disease.
 Patient and Methods:
This is a prospective study of 48 patients with Abdominal TB who were admitted to Kuwait University hospital in Sana'a-Yemen between Jan 2002-Dec
2004.fourteen patients (29%) were treated medically with Ant

Background: Many drug and non drug approaches are utilized for the treatment of dyslipidemia; flavonoids, the major constituents of silymarin, have been proved to
positively modify lipoproteins in experimentally – induced dyslipidemia. 
Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of silymarin, when used alone or in combination with other hypolipidemic agents, on the lipid profile in
dyslipidemic patients. 
Patients and Methods: Fifty seven patients with dyslipidaemia of various etiologies are involved in this clinical trial. They are randomized into three groups treated with
either 400mg / day silymarin (gr. A) or 20 mg / day lovastatin (gr. B) or a combination of 200 mg/day si

Background:
B -Natriuretic peptide is a neurohormone normally synthesized in ventricular heart muscle and known to be released in situations when left ventricular wall stress increases, it
has a variety of physiological functions on its own, that are thought to be compensatory.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to apply B-natriuretic peptide (BNP) as a biomarker and to correlate its levels with the severity of heart failure using certain selected parameters as
indicators of cardiac function.
Patients and Methods
Forty Six (46) patients with provisional diagnosis of heart failure were chosen for this work, thirty six (36) males and ten (10) Females, their age ranged between 33 and 80 Years.
All un

Background: the management of gun shoot wounds of the spinal cords (G sws) is still a debate whether to interfere surgically or not, the interferance is usually laminectomy & Bullet
extraction.
Objectives: A comparative prospective study between surgical & non-surgical management of G sws.
Methods: A case series study of (52) patients with G sws were managed by the neurosurgical unit in Ibn Sinna hospital in Mosul. 27 patients surgery was done, 25 patients non-surgical
management. A comparative study done according to the surgical outcome, improvement, mortality between the 2 groups in a mean follow up period of 4.5 months.
Results: The mean age was 35, (9-50 years) , mean follow up 4.5 mon

Background: Venous thromboembolic (VTE) disease with i t ' s h i g h morbidity and mo r t a l i t y is currently one of the most serious postoperative complication, (DVT) can lead to
fatal pulmonary embolism (PE). or the development of post thrombotic syndrome.
Patients and methods: This is a prospective study which was carried on 85 patients had s i n g l e lower l i m b open fracture with no other major i n j u r i e s in other sites of body
(with the exception of superficial wounds or b r u i s e s ) .They were d i v i d e d i n t o groups according to age, gender, weight, type of fracture, methods of immobilization, duration of
h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n , duration of operation. All the patients includin