خلفية الموضوع : نقص كلس الدم هو احد المضاعفات المعروفة جيداً لجراحة الغدة الدرقية. غالباً ما يكون هذا حدث عابر يحدث بعد استئصال الغدة الدرقية المكثف الذي قد يتطلب مكملات الكالسيوم و / أو فيتامين د لتخفيف أو منع الأعراض.كان الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تحديد نسبة حدوث نقص كلس الدم بعد جراحة الغدة الدرقية ومعرفة عوامل الخطر المتعلقة بسن المريض ونوعه وبناء العضلات ، والتشخيص السريري ، ومدى الجراحة ، وربط الش

خلفية الدراسة: آفات الحبل الشوكي منتشرة بشكل كبير في مرض التصلب العصبي المتعدد على وجه التحديد في الحبل العنقي، ويمكن أن يساعد اكتشافها في التشخيص ومتابعة المريض.

هدف الدراسة: كان الغرض من هذه الدراسة لتقدير دور التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي باستخدام تسلسل كثافة البروتون بالمقطع السهمي 1.5 تسلا لزيادة كشف ووضوح آفات الحبل الشوكي لمرضى التصلب المتعدد بالمقارنة مع تسلسل FSE-T2 بالمقطع السهمي.

الطريقة: أجري

Background:
Propolis (bee glue) is a resinous hive product. It consists of exudate from plants mixed with beeswax and used be bees as glue in general-purpose as sealer and
draught-exclude for beehives. Propolis, used in folk medicine, has attracted researchers attention to elucidate its therapeutic properties, as antioxidant and
anticancer. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the role of propolis in modulating effects of mitomycin C; MMC.
Methods:
Ethanolic solutions of propolis were prepared and administered to albino male mice (Mus musculus) through three types of experiments. In the first, the propolis was
tested alone, while in the second and third experiments, propolis was given orally&nbs

As we are living the month of Men’s Health awareness, November, we thought of touching base regarding screening for prostate cancer; an intriguing topic indeed, and the jury is out as of yet regarding whether to formalize a screening platform for prostate cancer.

The fact remains that prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men, and the fifth leading cancer related death globally 

Background: the morphological features of the brest undergoes substantial change between early adolescene and menopause which may result in fibrocystic changes.

خلفية الدراسة: يعتبر الطب النفسي أحد فروع الطب المهمة ومادة اساسية ضمن المنهاج التدريسي لكلية طب -جامعة بغداد منذ تأسيسها .

 هدف الدراسة: تهدف هذه الدراسة الى إستطلاع موقف طلبة الكلية تجاه الطب النفسي كممارسة مهنية وتخصص أكاديمي بعد إنهاءهم مقررات التعليم والتدريب  في قسم الأمراض النفسية في مستشفى بغداد التعليمي. .

طرق الدراسة : خلال العام 2016 ,أنتظم 1

خلفية البحث: ألم الليف العضلي هو المصطلح الحالي للألم العضلي الهيكلي المنتشر المزمن والذي ليس له سبب بديل يمكن تحديده, وهو كثيرا ما يصيب النساء بعمر الخصب. الم الليف العضلي هو متلازمة مضعفة ومحبطة تنجم دائما عن أحداث نفسية أو جسدية مجهدة. العقم هو فشل انجاز الحمل خلال فترة 12 شهرا للمرضى الذين اعمارهم اقل من 35 سنة, و فشل الحمل خلال فترة 6 أشهر لمن أعمارهم أكثر من 35 سنة. للعقم وقع نفسي كبير على حي

Background: Hydatid cyst disease is a parasitic zoonotic disease caused by genus Echinococcus. This disease believed to has genetic background in it's aetiopathogenesis course .
The aim of this study is to shed light on the possible correlation between HLA-class I (A,B,C) & HLA-class II (DR & DQ) antigens and the susceptibility to this disease.
Patients & Methods: Fifty patient with hydatid cyst disease before undergoing surgical operation were investigated for HLA. Class I and class II by using microlymphocytotoxicity test. The results were compared with 115 healthy control.
Results: Significant increased trend of HLA-A28 and A-11, -B18 and B-35, -DR3 and DR-11 (P<0.001, P<0.01) in pat

Background: Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura , a disorder characterized by autoantibody mediated platelets destruction causing decreased number of circulating platelets manifest as bleeding tendency. Since the discovery of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori ) several studies have been published concerning a hypothetical role of this bacteria in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
Aim of the study: Evaluate the pathogenic correlation between H.pylori infection and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
Patients and Method: A cross sectional study was done on 30 cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura admitted to the Pediatric Hemato-Oncology unit in ALKadhimiyia Teaching Hospital and 20 cases of

Back ground: Psoriasis is a chronic relapsing disorder with no life long cure, many systemic and topical modalities are available, one of these topical modalities is the vitamin D analogue
(calcipotriene) which is widely used recently to treat psoriasis and many other skin problems.
Aim of the study: Is to compare the safety, the efficacy and the tolerability of tolerability of topical calcipotriene, topical clobetasol and both of them in combination in treating Iraqi patients with psoriasis vulgaris. (The first study in Iraq that uses calcipotriene ointment in treating psoriasis and comparing it with other known topical treatments that were commonly used to treat this problem).
Patients and methods A to

الخلفية :على الرغم من التقدم في معالجة داء السكري ,فانه لايزال احد الأسباب الرئيسية للاعتلال والوفيات ,وان اعتلال الكلية السكري هو احد المضاعفات الرئيسية لداء السكري. الزلال البولي الدقيق هو بداية المضاعفات الكلوية للسكري,وهو مؤشر مهم للكشف المبكر ومتابعة تطور اعتلال الكلية السكري.

هدف الدراسة: لتقييم وجود الزلال البولي الدقيق كموشرلاعتلال الكلية بين الأطف

Background: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic functional gastrointestinal
disorder characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort and alteration in bowel habits. It is more
common among adolescents and young age groups.
Objectives: to estimate the prevalence and identify potential determinants of IBS among high school
students in Baghdad, Iraq, 2017.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted by using multi-staging cluster probability
sampling technique. All students in the sixth grade were considered eligible. Students with "red flag"
symptoms were excluded. Rome III criteria questionnaire of IBS was considered to define IBS. A
self-administered questionnaire used to compile socio-demograph

خلفية البحث:الكتل الحوضية شائعة في النساء ويمكن أن تحدث  في أي عمر من حياة المرأة، يمكن أن تكون حميدة أو كتلة خبيثة ويمكن أن تنشأ من الأعضاء التناسلية الأنثوية مثل عنق الرحم، الرحم، ملحقات الرحم، أو من أجهزة الحوض الأخرى مثل الأمعاء والمثانة والحالب والهيكل العظمي العضلات، والعظام.

 الهدف من الدراسه : تحديد كل من الزيادة في عدد الصفائح الدموية (&g

الخلفية العلمية: استنادا الى ان عدوى المستشفيات هي من المضاعفات الخطيرة في وحدات الحروق، فيكون تسمم الدم الجرثومي في المرضى الذين يعانون من الحروق الشديدة هو السبب الرئيسي للوفاة، وان تطبيق برنامج السيطرة على العدوى يساعد في خفض معدلات عدوى المستشفيات ومعدل الوفيات اللاحقة في مركز الحروق.

الهدف: إظهار تأثير تدابير السيطرة على العدوى في خفض معدل عدوى المستشفيات في مركز الحروق التابع

خلفية البحث: الأحتياطات الشاملة ,كما تعرف من قبل مركز السيطرة على اللأمراض الأنتقالية الامريكي (CDC)

مجموعة من الأحتياطات المعدة للوقاية من انتقال مرض نقص المناعة المكتسبة , التهاب الكبد الفايروسي نمط B وغيرها من الأمراض المنقولة عن طريق الدم والتي يجب ممارستها عند تقديم الرعاية الصحية .

هدف الدراسة: لتقييم المعارف والممارسات لدى العاملين على

الخلفية النظرية: أن سرطان الثدي هو مرض معقد, ومتعدد الاوجه يشمل تنوع كبير من الكيانات التي تظهر تباين كبير في الصفات السريرية والصرفية والجزيئية.

الغرض من الدراسة: تقييم مستوى المرض من الناحية الجزيئية بالنسبة للمرضى (مستقبلات الأستروجين , والبروجستيرون, و Her2/neu و Ki-67 ).

المرضى وطريقة البحث: أنها دراسة وصفية مقطعية تمت في مستشفى الأورم

Background: Idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) is an isolated thrombocytopenia in a patient with no clinically apparent associated conditions or factors that can
cause thrombocytopenia. The syndrome of ITP is caused by platelet-specific auto-antibodies that bind to autologous platelets. The diagnosis of ITP is usually a diagnosis of exclusion based on a demonstration of peripheral thrombocytopenia. Steroids are the conventional first-line therapy for adult ITP. Most patients demonstrate a response to steroids within 2 to 4 weeks, but a late response is possible.
Patients and Methods: A prospective study on 50 patients with diagnosis consistent with ITP, initially treated by steroid, p

Background: Growth hormone is a hormone responsible for the normal body growth and development by stimulation protein production in muscle cells and
energy release for breakdown of fat. On the other hand leptin is a newly discovered hormone that is mainly synthesized in adipose tissues it decreases food intake by
causing satiety and promoting energy combustion . Both aging and obesity are associated with a reduction in growth hormone secretion. In the mean time obese
humans have increased circulating leptin.
Objective: The aim of this paper is to shed light on the contribution of these two hormones in the mechanism of aging process in an attempt of improving this
process for a better life at old ages.&n

Background: genital herpes simplex virus infection in pregnancy poses a major risk to the fetus and it has been associated with bad obstetric out come causing preterm labor, intrauterine growth retardation and spontaneous abortion. This study was conducted to determine if premature rupture of membranes before 37 weeks of gestational age are observed with subclinical shedding of herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Patients and methods: Cervical swabs were taken from 75 women with a history of preterm premature rupture of membranes before 37 weeks of gestation, and 20 women with normal
obstetrical history for the presence of HSV antigen using Enzyme linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) method.
Results: HSV ant

Background: Thrombocytopenia is the second most common hematological abnormality in pregnancy following anemia. However, its incidence causes and outcomes received scarce attention, particularly in developing countries like Iraq.
Objective: This study was conducted to determine the incidence, causes and consequences of thrombocytopenia on both the mother and fetus.
Material and Methods: Platelet counts were performed on 600 pregnant women in their third trimester and on 200 age matched non pregnant healthy women, as well as 150 of the newborns of the former groups.
Results: The overall incidence of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy was 8.6%, with the gestational thrombocytopenia implicated in 76.9%,. Hy

Background: Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); its extragastrointestinal manifestations vary from one country to another. This study identifies the prevalence of the extragastrointestinal manifestations in a sample of Iraqi patients with ulcerative colitis and their relation to disease activity.
Patients and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted on 100 patients with established diagnosis of ulcerative colitis, who attended Baghdad Teaching hospital and Gastroenterology center in Baghdad during the period from May 2009 to January 2010. A direct interview and thorough clinical examination were done to determine the history of the disease, its severity and the presence or

Background: Ulcerative colitis is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory disorder that affects the rectum & extends proximally to affect variable extent of the colon. Autoimmune hemolytic
anemia had reported in few cases.
Objective: to determine the prevalence of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in Ulcerative colitis.
Patient & Methods: Fifty Iraqi patients having Ulcerative colitis attending the GIT Center in Baghdad during the period from March to August 2004 were interviewed, examined and
diagnosed according to pathological study done for colonic biopsies by the same centre. Blood was drown for the assessment of complete picture with blood film, reticulocyte
percent, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Coo

Background: stress test (EST) is one of the main diagnostic and prognostic tests for ischemic heart disease. However, its usefulness depends on achieving target heart rate, then chronotropic incompetence and poor exercise capacity limits its utility. We evaluated the usefulness of atropine administration during the EST to decrease the number of tests with inconclusive results in these patients.
Patients &Methods: We carried out this study in Ibn AI-Bitar Teaching Hospital from September 2007 to December 2008 and comprised of 210 patients undergoing EST. In subjects experiencing fatigue when they achieved 50-75% of target heart rate (THR), or those who failed to achieve their THR, atropine was adm

Background: Prognostic histological evaluation of many cancers have recently concentrated on angiogenesis.
Materials &Methods: A total of twenty formaline-fixed, paraffin embedded blocks of renal cell carcinoma were included in this study. Sections were subjected for immunohistochemical staining of CD34. The median of the MVD of all cases of RCC were obtained to divide the cases into high- and low-MVD score groups and were correlated with the tumor stage and grade.
Results: there was a significant correlation of the high MVD score with tumor stage (P=0.02).
Conclusion: MVD may be considered as a potential prognostic marker for RCC.

Background: there are different procedures for the diagnosis of females suspected with toxoplasmosis. However, time, cost, and accuracy of the test should meet patient’s needs.
Material and methods: one hundred and eleven female with suspected toxoplasmosis were under go three different procedures for the diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Latex agglutination test, rapid chromatographic (immunoblot) and ELISA test were done for all patients. The results were described as frequency and percentage of positivity; also, specificity and sensitivity of immunoblot were assessed according to the result of other tests.
Results: The Latex test has shown 80% and 61.54% sensitivity and specificity respectively

المقدمة: التهاب القولون التقرحي :هو التهاب مزمن غالبا ما يصيب منطقة المستقيم ينتج عنة تقرحات في منطقة المستقيم من الممكن ان تمتد لتشمل المناطق المتبقية من الأمعاء الغليظة بطريقة متواصلة  ويتميز بفترات من الشفاءاو تفاقم في الالتهاب .

وجد ان E.histolyticaاحد المسببات عند المرضى المصابين بالتهابات القولون التقرحية .ان التهاب الأمعاء الأميبي هو التهاب مزمن يصيب الأمعاء مصاح

Background: Severe anaemia predisposes to infection particularly during pregnancy especially reproductive tract and urinary tract infection .Iron deficiency anemia is an important public
health problem which contributes to morbidity and mortality in pregnant women, even milder anemia can cause urinary tract infection .
Methods: This study was carried out during February to May 2005 among 200 pregnant women during their routine visits to the maternal and child health centers in different parts of Baghdad city , they were inquired carefully about their ages parity , their gestational age and examined physically in addition to testing their blood for lib concentration and urine for presence of bacteruria.

Seventy- four cases of clinically diagnosed Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), fifty cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and thirty healthy normal controls were investigated for detection of rheumatoid factor (RF), total serum immunoglobulins (Igs), antinuclear antibody (ANA), and ANA subtype anti-double stranded DNA (anti-ds DNA).
Patients with RA showed 58.1% positive for RF comparable with 14% positivity in SLE patients and 6.6% in normal individuals. Serum Igs (IgA,IgG) were found to be elevated in RA and SLE
patients (62.2% , 36.5%) (54% , 38%) respectively. This study revealed that ANA is found in 88% of SLE patients sera and 78% of these ANA is ds DNA in comparison with only 6.8% of RA sera wer

الخلفية: مسح الصحة العقلية العراقي (2006-2007) سجل انتشارا قليلا لاساءة استخدام الكحول والعقاقير. وتؤكد التقارير السريرية والاعلامية زيادة استخدام الكحول والعقاقير بين الشباب، ولدراسة هذه الظاهرة تم اجراء هذه الدراسة.

الاهداف:  دراسة هذه ظاهرة انتشار اساءة استخدام الكحول والعقاقير.

الطرق: شارك 2678 شاب عراقي في هذه الدراسة، وبنسبة ذكور للاناث 3.8:1. تم&nbs

Background: Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is a lymphoproliferative disease caused primarily by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. The initial viral infection by EBV occurs in B lymphocytes and is followed by an extensive proliferation of T lymphocytes. Previous studies on immunity to EBV (including IM) have mainly focused on activation of peripheral blood T cells, which are responsible for the lymphocytosis in blood during acute IM.
Patients and Methods: Indirect immunofluorescence technique analysis was performed to detect the percentage of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, and CD56 positive lymphocytes.
Results: Our results on the phenotype of T cells in samples from patients with infectious mononucleosis sh