المقدمة : خمسة مراحل  سريرية تم تصنيفها  لمرضى التهاب الكبد الفيروسي المزمن مرحله الاولى  يكون فيها  المستضد  HBe موجب ,المرحله الثانية يكزن فيه المستضد    HBe موجب مع وجود التهاب في الكبد ,مرحله الثاثة يكون المستضدHBe   سالب ,المرحلة الرابعة يكون فيها المستضد  HBe  سالب مع وجود التهاب في الكبد والمرحلة المخفية للفيروس

هدف الدراسة : هذه الدراسة كانت تهدف لغرض تعيين نسبة حدوث م

الخلفية:تخطيط صدى القلب له دور مهم في متابعة مرضى عيب الحاجز الولادي علاجي المنشأ,وبعد الاستئصال بالقسطرة أثناء دراسة الفيزيولوجيا الكهربائية, والتي تعتبر في الوقت الحاضر الخط الرئيسي في إدارة المرضى الذين يعانون من أنواع مختلفة من عدم إنتظام ضربات القلب. من خلال البزل عبر البزل ثقب واحد أو ثقب مزدوج يسهل طريقة مرور القسطرة بسهولة الى الأذين الأيسر لإستئصال دقات القلب الفوق البطينية .

الأه

المقدمة: معظم الفتيات في سن المراهقة  يعانين من عسر الطمث وبدرجات متفاوتة والذي يمكن أن يؤثر على انشطتهم اليومية كالانقطاع عن المدرسة او الانشطة الاجتماعية لذلك تعد دراسة عسر الطمث عند طالبات المدارس مهمة ومن الممكن ان توفرالبيانات الللازمة لمقدمي الرعاية  من أجل المعالجة.

الأهداف: تحديد معدل انتشار عسر الطمث وتأثيره على الفعاليات اليومية لدى طالبات ال

المقدمة :-

ان ارتفاع ضغط الدم اثناء الحمل ( ماقبل الارجاج ) ھو احد اھم الاسباب المؤدیة الى جعل الام الحامل عرضة للمرض والوفاة . یحدث بنسبة (3-14 %) بين النساء الحوامل. بالرغم من ان السبب الرئیسي للمرض غیر معروف، الا ان قلة تجھیزالمشیمة بالدم وضرر خلایا البطانة الوعائیة الواسع الانتشار یعتبر السبب الرئیسي للمرض .كما ان بعض التغیيرات في وظائف الغدد الصماء مثل الغدة جنب الدرقیة

خلفية البحث: يلعب اللبتين وفيتامين د مجموعة من الادوار في نمو خلايا بيتا وافراز الانسولين والاهم من ذلك التفاعل مع الهرمونات الاخرى المنظمة للطاقة والايض.

اهداف البحث: تهدف الدراسة قياس مستوى فيتامين د واللبتين في مصل دم مرضى النوع الثاني من السكري والتحقق في علاقتهم مع فيتامين د وغيرها من المعالم السريرية والمختبرية في المرضى المصابين بداء السكري النوع الث

Background: Mammary duct ectasia is defined as dilated duct larger than 2 mm in diameter seen in fibrocystic changes, ductal epithelial hyperplasia, papiloma, DCIS. US has a significant role in diagnostic breast imaging. It is most commonly used as an adjunctive test in characterizing lesions detected by other imaging modalities or by clinical examination

Objective: This study was designed to investigate differences in ultrasonographic findings between malignant and benign mammary duct ectasia.

Patients and Methods: From November 2010 to July 2011, 100 womem with mammary duct ectasia lesions depicted on sonograms were included in this study. We evaluated the ultrasonograp

خلفية البحث:مرض متعددة تكيس المبايض هو مرض شائع عند النساء في سن الانجاب يرافقة اضطرابات في الوظائف الانجابية، الهرمونية والايضية. الفسلجة المرضية لمرض متعددة تكيس المبايض تبدو انها متعددة الاسباب ومتعددة الجينات. هرمون اللبتين يبدو انه يلعب دور مهم في الفسلجة المرضية لمرض تكيس المبايض وخاصة لدى النساء ذوي السمنة .

اهداف البحث:لتحديد في ما إذا مرض متعددة تكي

Bakground: A prospective study was designed to find out the prevalence of different types of T.B. among women and children.
Methods: A total of 390 patients aged from less than one year up to more than 65 years who attended T.B. center in Kirkuk city from beginning to end of 2005, were included in the study. A detail clinical and laboratory examination were carried out to confirm the diagnosis.
Results: The rate of infection in females (46.15%) was lower than males (53.84%). In pediatric age groups, the highest rate was among the age 12-14 (2.05%) and the lowest was among
>1-2 years and 9-11 years (0.76%). Inactive pulmonary T.B. was highest among the pediatric age group.
Conclusion: It is conclude

Background: Outcome of management of patients with diabetic foot is difficult to predict. Assessment of variables in history , examination and investigations were analyzed with outcome of management and whether can be assigned as prognostic factors .
Methods: prospective study of 300 patients with diabetic foot in Baghdad teaching hospital during the period from April 2000 to March 2004,certain criteria was taken in history and examination, these were investigated and treated either by conservative procedure or amputation.
Results: most common age group was 50-59 years ( 33.3%). The male to female ratio was 2:1. Conservative debridement was performed in ( 60%) of patients while amputation was employed in&nb

Purpose: To evaluate the frequency of visualization, thickness, and anatomical features of the normal appendix at nonenhanced helical computed tomography (CT).
Materials and methods : Two radiologists prospectively iterpreted, in consensus, the abdominal CT scans of 140 patients who were examined for renal colic assessment. They
were blinded to patients' surgical history regarding a previous appendectomy. No contrast material was used. The frequency of visualization, and the two – wall thickness of normal
appendix were recorded, as well as the anatomical features of the appendix and the effect of adequasy of intraperitoneal fat on identification of the appendix.
Results : The prevalence of appendectomy w

الخلفية: تراوحت نسبة حدوث نقص الصفيحات في معظم الدراسات من 7 إلى 10٪ من جميع النساء الحوامل. على الرغم من أن الحمل في حد ذاته يرتبط بالتغيرات الفسيولوجية التي قد تؤثر على تعداد الصفائح الدموية ، إلا أن العديد من الحالات المرضية يمكن أن تسبب نقص الصفيحات التي لها تأثير كبير على كل من الأم والطفل.

الهدف: الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تحديد معدل حدوث نقص الصفيحات عند السيد

Background: Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) affect 1-3% of the population and impose substantial pain-related morbidity, yet vascular pain remains underrecognized in clinical practice and research.

Objectives: This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management strategies for VLU-associated pain.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science (January 2015-July 2025) following SANRA guidelines. Search terms included "vascular pain", "venous leg ulcer", "chronic venous disease" and related terminology. Studies addressing pathophysiology, clinical charac

Background: Gallstone disease is a major global health problem, the prevalence of which depends on metabolic, genetic, and infectious factors. Recent reports point out that Gram-positive bacteria, mainly Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus species, are also involved in the development of gallstones via enzyme action and biofilm formation.

Objectives: To characterize Gram-positive bacteria within gallstones from Iraqi patients, evaluate their biofilm-forming capacity, and analyze the relationship between bacterial colonization, gallstone type, as well as cholesterol levels.

Methods: A total of 100 gallstones were obtained from 100 patients undergoing

Background: Burn injuries disrupt skin barriers and weaken immune defenses, predisposing patients to opportunistic, drug-resistant Gram-negative infections. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted prevention and treatment strategies in burn care settings.
Objective: To evaluate the prevalence, pattern as well as clinical significance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in patients with burns.
Method: A prospective observational study was conducted from April 2024 to April 2025. One hundred and fifty clinical samples from burn patients were collected and processed using standard microbiological methods. Identification of

Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a significant contributor to end-stage renal failure in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by tubular atrophy, glomerular dilation, glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and proteinuria, resulting in deterioration of kidney function. DN, primarily caused by hyperglycemia, accounts for millions of deaths globally and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Matrix metalloproteinase 10 is an enzyme essential for the breakdown of extracellular matrix constituents. Fetuin-A forms soluble complexes with calcium and phosphate to prevent soft tissue mineralization

Objectives: To determine the levels

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune illness that can be triggered by both hereditary and environmental factors. There are crucial roles for the neuroendocrine system in initiating autoreactive immunity at this stage. Copeptin is a promising inflammatory marker that has the potential to be employed as a prognostic factor in several disorders, particularly those affecting the central nervous system. Objectives: In this research we attempt to evaluate the relation of serum copeptin concentrations with weight increment in Iraqi patients with multiple sclerosis. Methods: A cohort of Sixty Iraqi patients with multiple sclerosis took part in this study and classified equally into three groups; obese group, overweight group, and

Background: Acne vulgaris (AV) is a skin disorder affecting both sexes, starting at adolescence, and might continue into late adulthood. It is represented by a flare-up of nodular and postural lesions. Acne vulgaris patients with severe presentation suffer the consequences of skin scarring and disfigurement. Both Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and Interleukin 8 (IL-8) are pro-inflammatory cytokines that play a significant role in acne pathogenesis and disease progression.  
Objectives: To assess the serum level of interleukin 1 beta and interleukin 8 in acne patients and see how it correlates with the severity of the disease.
Methods: It was a case–control study conducted from

Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells within the bone marrow. In most patients, monoclonal immunoglobulin heavy chains or light chains are produced and are associated with organ dysfunction. The growth factor B-cell activating factor (BAFF) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma due to its ability to promote B-cell survival, expansion, and differentiation.

Objective:  to measure the circulatory level of B-cell activating factor in multiple myeloma patients in relapsed and remission states and explore its possible correlations with the clinical staging, β2-microglobulin, and interleukin-6.

Metho

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most prevalent non-cutaneous malignancy and the second-leading cause of cancer-relatedmortality among males. Cancer is just one of the several disorders that may be linked to variations in trace element concentrations.
Objective: To evaluate serum arrestin β-2 as a prostate cancer tumor marker and its association with trace elements.
Methods: This case- control study was carried out at the Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad and at the Urology department, Ghazi Al-Hariri Hospital for Surgical Specialities during the period from March 2022 to May 2023. In this case-control study 120 males were enrolled:

Background: Many characteristics between benign and malignant prostatic tumor which considered similar that make the diagnosis defaults in spacemen of the tumor. The immunohistochemical procedure can improves conventional tumor morphology by identifying lineage- and tumor-associated proteins or markers, facilitating confirmation of prostate origin and distinguish between benign and malignancy tumors.
Objectives: This review highlights the pivotal role of immunohistochemistry in differentiating Prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia by evaluating both positive and negative tissue markers.
Methods: A narrative review was conducted using methodological features to evalu

both strongly associated with vascular and metabolic complications. Endothelin-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor that plays a key role in vascular tone regulation and endothelial function.

Objective: To evaluate serum Endothelin-1 levels, lipid profile parameters (total cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides), and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes and essential hypertension compared with healthy controls, in order to assess their association with vascular injury and metabolic risk.

Methods: A case-control study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad. Between November 2024 and February 2025, a sample of patients were recruited f