Background:

Background:

الخلفية: ان غلبة انتشار اصابات الرأس بين المدنيين و توفير المستشفيات الغطاء الطبي السريري أصبح ذو اهمية عالميه من الناحية الطبية. لقد تبين ان كامن جذع الدماغ السمعي المثار لا يتأثربعوامل الجسم العامةوالمواد السمية والنواتج الأيضية مما جعلها  مفيدة بصورة خاصة في تمييز الأختلال الوظيفي المعكوس لجذع الدماغ السمعي عن التمزق التركيبي.

اهداف البحث: الغرض من هذ

Background: Palmoplantar psoriasis is a therapeutically challenging condition that can significantly impact patient quality of life as it directly affects activities. However, despite this impact, few clinical studies address treatment. Herbs and their extracts have been used for treatment of skin disease for centuries. One of the most popular herbs in our society is black cumin or seed of blessing oil (Nigella Sativa); this plant had diverse clinically useful activity.
Patients and Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Dermatology and Venereology in Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Iraq during the period between January and October 2003. In this singleblind randomly controlled therapeutic stud

Background: Vulvovaginal candiddiasis is an opportunistic mucosal infection caused by Candida albicans that affects large number of otherwise healthy women of child bearing age. Acute episodes often occur during pregnancy.
Patients and methods: This study was done on 50 pregnant women with Candida vulvovagnitis who were diagnosed by direct microscopic examination, culture technique, germ tube production, chlamydospore, and Api 20 candida system, at Baghdad Teaching Hospital in the period between October 2008 to February 2009.
Results: The study group included 50 pregnant women with Candida vulvovaginitis . The percentage of pregnant women with Candida albicans infection who their age is higher than 30

Summary:
Background: the inferior turbinate is the largest turbinate & it is variable in size due to changes in its submucosal vascular bed.
Aim of study: the aim of the study is the compare between trimming of the inferior turbinate and submucosal diathermy in the same patient a management of turbinate hypertrophy. Subjects <6 Methods : 250cases inferior turbinate hypertrophy diagnosed by direct examination of the nose by anterior& posterior rhinoscopy were collected Aanalyzed in Saddam Medical City during 1995 - 2000 . Clinical examination, X-ray finding, regarding the age, operative procedures, patients follow up, their complications & treatment Results: The place of radical trimming of the inferior turbinate in t

Background: Lumbar disc degeneration (LDD) is a common musculoskeletal disorder that frequently causes low back pain (LBP). In addition to the discomfort of lower back pain, it can accompany pain in one or both legs. The lumbar spine and sacrum, consisting of five vertebrae and one bone, determine the spine's balance. Microelements are essential in bone metabolism and are associated with the prevention of osteoporosis and the alleviation of musculoskeletal pain.

Objectives: To examine the correlation between lumbar spinal surgery and the concentrations of microelements, namely zinc and copper.

Methods: A case-control study was conducted in Ghazi Al-Hariri Hospital in Baghda

 وصف حالة لسرطان غدة الكظر( ACC) العاملة الغير المتفاقمة في صبي عمره 8 سنوات الذي قدم لنا تاريخ من سن البلوغ المبكر لوحظ من قبل والديه منذ ثلاثة أشهر.

وأظهرت الموجات فوق الصوتية للبطن كتلة كبيرة واضحة المعالم فوق الكلية اليمنى (منطقة الغدة الكظرية) مع تكلس وتنخر, وأظهرت نتائج الرنين المغناطيسي  ((MRI  هذه الكتلة أن تكون قليلة الكثافة ( hypojntense) إلى الكبد في T1 وفرط في الكثافة (hyperinte

مقدمة:الكسر الخلعي عند المفصل بين الفقرات الصدريه مع الفقرات القطنية الناتج عن شدة خارجية ذات طاقة شديدة مباشرة أو غير مباشرة  عادة يتم علاجها بتثبيت يصل الى ثلاث فقرات. تثبيت الفقرات باستعمال جزء صغير من العمود الفقري لديه فوائد عديدة منها قصر وقت العملية اضافة لتقليل العوامل النفسية والوظيفية التي تسبب عوق مابعد العملية مع المضاعفات في موقع العمليه في الجسم نفسه.

الهدف من ألبحث ت

خلفية الموضوع: العلاقة بين التغير الوراثي رقم 308 لعامل تنخر الخلايا السرطانية نوع الفا ومرض السكري النوع الثاني يبقى مصدر جدل واختلاف في الاصول وانماط الحياة التي تلعب دور مهم في هذا التضارب.

الهدف :لبحث دور التغير الوراثي رقم 308 في عامل تنخر الخلايا السرطانية نوع الفا مع مرض السكري النوع الثاني ومعيار كتلة الجسم في هؤلاء المرضى.

طرائق العمل: الدراسة الحالية تضمنت خمسون مر

خلفية البحث:  إن جراحة تثبيت العمود الفقري باستخدام مسمار قدم الفقرات أصبحت من الوسائل الشائعة في جراحه العمود الفقري. رغم التطور الذي في تقنيات و تصاميم وسائل هذه ألجراحه و استخدام التصوير ألشعاعي إثناء هذه ألجراحه لازالت هنالك احتماليه وضع هذا المسمار في غير موضعه الصحيح محدثا ثقوبا في قشره قدم الفقرات مهددا أصابه الأحشاء العصبية و الوعائية ما حول الفقرات.

ال

Background: A comparism study for management of deep seated small brain tumors less than 4 cm in the 3 diameters between cases managed by Brain lab navigator and those without it.
Patients and methods: We took 20 patients from the retrospecture data before the use of Navigator in our country compared with the 20 patients managed after the use of navigator in our hospital (specialized surgical hospital) in the neuro-surgical. Unit since 2002 till now. From 1/8/2002 till 31/12/2007 the study included the type of tumor & surgery & the result of surgery & time & complications ((morbidity & mortality)).
Results: There was a significant increase of the safety of surgery by using the navigator

Background: Preeclampsia, the de novo occurrence of hypertension and proteinuria after the 20th week of gestation, continues to exert an inordinate toll on mothers and children alike.
The idea that asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) accumulation may be a cardiovascular risk factor in patients with preeclampsia was advanced in 2003. Furthermore, High ADMA levels have been associated with alterations in the regulation of cerebral blood flow and neural function, with insulin resistance, thyroid dysfunction, and alterations in bone homeostasis, fertility, and erectile function.
Subject and methods: the present study is a cross-sectional case-control study includes measurement of s.ADMA in 60 patients with

Background: This study is concerned with the effects of preeclampsia on the availability of the important enzymes in the full term placenta.For this purpose 2 groups of placentae were taken from the full term pregnant women immediately after labour, each group consists of 10 placentae, the first group are those placentae obtained from pregnant women having uneventful pregnancy with no history of any disease or complication (as a control group) while the second group includes those pregnant women having a history of preeclampsia, the results showed significant histochemical changes in the placentae of the second group when compared with the first group, such changes result from syncytial damage and destr

خلفية البحث:مرض متعددة تكيس المبايض هو مرض شائع عند النساء في سن الانجاب يرافقة اضطرابات في الوظائف الانجابية، الهرمونية والايضية. الفسلجة المرضية لمرض متعددة تكيس المبايض تبدو انها متعددة الاسباب ومتعددة الجينات. هرمون اللبتين يبدو انه يلعب دور مهم في الفسلجة المرضية لمرض تكيس المبايض وخاصة لدى النساء ذوي السمنة .

اهداف البحث:لتحديد في ما إذا مرض متعددة تكي

Bakground: A prospective study was designed to find out the prevalence of different types of T.B. among women and children.
Methods: A total of 390 patients aged from less than one year up to more than 65 years who attended T.B. center in Kirkuk city from beginning to end of 2005, were included in the study. A detail clinical and laboratory examination were carried out to confirm the diagnosis.
Results: The rate of infection in females (46.15%) was lower than males (53.84%). In pediatric age groups, the highest rate was among the age 12-14 (2.05%) and the lowest was among
>1-2 years and 9-11 years (0.76%). Inactive pulmonary T.B. was highest among the pediatric age group.
Conclusion: It is conclude

Background: Outcome of management of patients with diabetic foot is difficult to predict. Assessment of variables in history , examination and investigations were analyzed with outcome of management and whether can be assigned as prognostic factors .
Methods: prospective study of 300 patients with diabetic foot in Baghdad teaching hospital during the period from April 2000 to March 2004,certain criteria was taken in history and examination, these were investigated and treated either by conservative procedure or amputation.
Results: most common age group was 50-59 years ( 33.3%). The male to female ratio was 2:1. Conservative debridement was performed in ( 60%) of patients while amputation was employed in&nb

Purpose: To evaluate the frequency of visualization, thickness, and anatomical features of the normal appendix at nonenhanced helical computed tomography (CT).
Materials and methods : Two radiologists prospectively iterpreted, in consensus, the abdominal CT scans of 140 patients who were examined for renal colic assessment. They
were blinded to patients' surgical history regarding a previous appendectomy. No contrast material was used. The frequency of visualization, and the two – wall thickness of normal
appendix were recorded, as well as the anatomical features of the appendix and the effect of adequasy of intraperitoneal fat on identification of the appendix.
Results : The prevalence of appendectomy w

الخلفية: تراوحت نسبة حدوث نقص الصفيحات في معظم الدراسات من 7 إلى 10٪ من جميع النساء الحوامل. على الرغم من أن الحمل في حد ذاته يرتبط بالتغيرات الفسيولوجية التي قد تؤثر على تعداد الصفائح الدموية ، إلا أن العديد من الحالات المرضية يمكن أن تسبب نقص الصفيحات التي لها تأثير كبير على كل من الأم والطفل.

الهدف: الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تحديد معدل حدوث نقص الصفيحات عند السيد

Background: Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) affect 1-3% of the population and impose substantial pain-related morbidity, yet vascular pain remains underrecognized in clinical practice and research.

Objectives: This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management strategies for VLU-associated pain.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science (January 2015-July 2025) following SANRA guidelines. Search terms included "vascular pain", "venous leg ulcer", "chronic venous disease" and related terminology. Studies addressing pathophysiology, clinical charac

Background: Gallstone disease is a major global health problem, the prevalence of which depends on metabolic, genetic, and infectious factors. Recent reports point out that Gram-positive bacteria, mainly Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus species, are also involved in the development of gallstones via enzyme action and biofilm formation.

Objectives: To characterize Gram-positive bacteria within gallstones from Iraqi patients, evaluate their biofilm-forming capacity, and analyze the relationship between bacterial colonization, gallstone type, as well as cholesterol levels.

Methods: A total of 100 gallstones were obtained from 100 patients undergoing

Background: Burn injuries disrupt skin barriers and weaken immune defenses, predisposing patients to opportunistic, drug-resistant Gram-negative infections. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted prevention and treatment strategies in burn care settings.
Objective: To evaluate the prevalence, pattern as well as clinical significance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in patients with burns.
Method: A prospective observational study was conducted from April 2024 to April 2025. One hundred and fifty clinical samples from burn patients were collected and processed using standard microbiological methods. Identification of

Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a significant contributor to end-stage renal failure in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by tubular atrophy, glomerular dilation, glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and proteinuria, resulting in deterioration of kidney function. DN, primarily caused by hyperglycemia, accounts for millions of deaths globally and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Matrix metalloproteinase 10 is an enzyme essential for the breakdown of extracellular matrix constituents. Fetuin-A forms soluble complexes with calcium and phosphate to prevent soft tissue mineralization

Objectives: To determine the levels

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune illness that can be triggered by both hereditary and environmental factors. There are crucial roles for the neuroendocrine system in initiating autoreactive immunity at this stage. Copeptin is a promising inflammatory marker that has the potential to be employed as a prognostic factor in several disorders, particularly those affecting the central nervous system. Objectives: In this research we attempt to evaluate the relation of serum copeptin concentrations with weight increment in Iraqi patients with multiple sclerosis. Methods: A cohort of Sixty Iraqi patients with multiple sclerosis took part in this study and classified equally into three groups; obese group, overweight group, and

Background: Acne vulgaris (AV) is a skin disorder affecting both sexes, starting at adolescence, and might continue into late adulthood. It is represented by a flare-up of nodular and postural lesions. Acne vulgaris patients with severe presentation suffer the consequences of skin scarring and disfigurement. Both Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and Interleukin 8 (IL-8) are pro-inflammatory cytokines that play a significant role in acne pathogenesis and disease progression.  
Objectives: To assess the serum level of interleukin 1 beta and interleukin 8 in acne patients and see how it correlates with the severity of the disease.
Methods: It was a case–control study conducted from

Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells within the bone marrow. In most patients, monoclonal immunoglobulin heavy chains or light chains are produced and are associated with organ dysfunction. The growth factor B-cell activating factor (BAFF) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma due to its ability to promote B-cell survival, expansion, and differentiation.

Objective:  to measure the circulatory level of B-cell activating factor in multiple myeloma patients in relapsed and remission states and explore its possible correlations with the clinical staging, β2-microglobulin, and interleukin-6.

Metho

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most prevalent non-cutaneous malignancy and the second-leading cause of cancer-relatedmortality among males. Cancer is just one of the several disorders that may be linked to variations in trace element concentrations.
Objective: To evaluate serum arrestin β-2 as a prostate cancer tumor marker and its association with trace elements.
Methods: This case- control study was carried out at the Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad and at the Urology department, Ghazi Al-Hariri Hospital for Surgical Specialities during the period from March 2022 to May 2023. In this case-control study 120 males were enrolled:

Background: Many characteristics between benign and malignant prostatic tumor which considered similar that make the diagnosis defaults in spacemen of the tumor. The immunohistochemical procedure can improves conventional tumor morphology by identifying lineage- and tumor-associated proteins or markers, facilitating confirmation of prostate origin and distinguish between benign and malignancy tumors.
Objectives: This review highlights the pivotal role of immunohistochemistry in differentiating Prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia by evaluating both positive and negative tissue markers.
Methods: A narrative review was conducted using methodological features to evalu

both strongly associated with vascular and metabolic complications. Endothelin-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor that plays a key role in vascular tone regulation and endothelial function.

Objective: To evaluate serum Endothelin-1 levels, lipid profile parameters (total cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides), and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes and essential hypertension compared with healthy controls, in order to assess their association with vascular injury and metabolic risk.

Methods: A case-control study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad. Between November 2024 and February 2025, a sample of patients were recruited f

Background: Tooth decay happens when bacteria in the mouth create acid from carbohydrates that can be fermented. Along with factors related to the person (like genetics or oral hygiene habits) and saliva, this process leads to cavities. During Ramadan fasting, when eating habits change, there could be effects on health, particularly on the salivary biomarkers that are important for dental well-being.

Objectives: This  cross-sectional study aimed to detect the activity and concentrations of salivary levels of secretory immunoglobulin A and Statherin during and after Ramadan fasting and to evaluate the association between these biomarkers with dental caries.

Methods: The stu