Background: Human Cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ), lies dormant in the glial cells , and can be reactivated under conditions of inflammation and immunosuppression. In vitro, the virus can
transform cells and dysregulate many cellular pathways involved in oncogenesis. This study was conducted to detect HCMV matrix-protein mRNA using In Situ Hybridization technique in glial brain tumor tissues compared to normal brain tissues and the presence of cytomegalic inclusion bodies in brain tumor tissues.
Patients and Method: Thirty eight of glial tumor specimens were obtained in paraffin blocks compared to eight normal brain autopsy specimens which were age and sex matched with the
study group as a control group. ISH wa

Background: cholecystectomy is one of the most frequently performed operations. Open cholecystectomy has been the gold standard for over 100 years .laparoscopic cholecystectomy was
introduced in 1980s.
Patient and methods: Two hundred patients admitted to first surgical unit in Baghdad teaching hospital from first May 2007- first May 2009 with gall stone disease both symptomatic and
asymptomatic, of both genders and any age were evaluated by history, examination and investigations and data was collected.
Results: Two hundred patients underwent LC in the study period. 181(90.5%)were females and 19(9.5%)were males. The most common age group was between 21-40 years (55%), bleeding was the commonest compl

Background: Common complications of subcutaneous insulin injection include lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy which may lead to erratic absorption of the insulin with the potential for poor glycemic control and unpredictable hypoglycemia. Other cutaneous complications are local and systemic insulin allergy.
Patients and methods: The study included 150 patients with type1 diabetes mellitus attending thediabetic clinic of Children Welfare Teaching Hospital who were assessed for cutaneous
omplications of insulin therapy especially at the sites of the injections. Data collected evaluated using chi square and Pvalue.
Results: Out of 150 patients, the male to female ratio was 1:1.3, with mean age of 11.34 years

Background: Normospermia might be a major problem to the doctor and the infertile couple because the male seminal sample has an accepted seminal parameters during the routine seminal examination and the female partner will be claimed for the infertility and she will suffered from coasty, painful, time consuming, non indicated investigations and treatments. Our purpose was to measure sperm creatine phosphokinase (CK) activity, which reflects cytoplasmic retention in immature spermatozoa and malondialdehyde in the seminal plasma which is a marker of oxidative stress in normospermic infertile males' seminal samples.
Patient and methods: Nine infertile men with aberrantly normal standard seminal analysis&nbsp

Background: Hydatid disease also known as echinococcosis or hydatidosis , is caused by infection with larva (metacestoide) of tape worms of the genus Echinococcus.
Materials and methods: Twelve Rabbits were immunized with three types of antigens (Hydatid cyst fluid antigen; Protoscoleces antigen and Germinal and Laminated layer antigen) according to a specific immunization program and we used indirect hemagglutination test( IHAT) and Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay(ELISA) for detecting the anti-Echinococcus antigens in the serum of these animals.
Results: The highest titter of antibodies were recorded in the Rabbit serum when use the first antigen (Hydatid cyst fluid) by using IHA method (1:64)after

Background: depressed mood and anxiety are common symptoms in hospitalized cancer patients .it is often presumed that anxiety and depression affect the occurrence and experience of physical symptoms . the researcher was aimed to assess the level of depression among cancer patients and the chemotherapy side effects and to find out the significant difference between depression level regarding these side effects.
Patients and methods: A descriptive analytical study was conducted on a purposive sample of 50 cancer patients from both sexes who were admitted to Radiation and Neuclur Medicine Hospital in Baghdad for the purpose of giving chemotherapy for the period from April 4th to June 20th , 2008. A structure

Background: Disinfection of denture and soft denture liners became among the priorities for cross contamination control as well as patient's health. All the trials aimed to have maximum infection control with minimal adverse changes in the materials properties.
Materials and methods: Discs of 30x2mm were made from Coe Super Soft and Coe Soft denture liners. Every 5 specimens were immersed separately and daily in CHX, Sodium hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide, control group specimens were immersed in the distilled water. Hardness property of the experimental and control groups was evaluated by using Shore A durometer after 1, 7, 30 days. 
Results: Statistical analysis indicated non significant difference

 خلفية عن البحث : ان الغذاء المتناول يعتبر مهما اثناء فترة الحمل ,لان الكميات غير الكافيه للمواد الاساسيه قد يؤثر سلبا في تكون الطفل او صحه الام.بالاضافه الى ذلك فان غذاء الام قد يكون احد الطرق لاختيار جنس الجنين .ان الهدف من هذه الدراسه هو للتحري عن وجود علاقه بين مستوى المعادن في دم الام مع جنس الجنين وصحه الطفل المولود.

الاهداف:لتقييم تاثير الرصاص ,المغنيسي

Background: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an unresolving inflammation of the liver of unknown cause associated with interface hepatitis on histological examination,hypergammaglobulinemia and presence of circulating autoantibodies. Antibody-mediated tissue injury might be responsible for tissue injury in AIH therefore; a number of studies have been focused on the immunoglobulines in these patients .The aim of the study is to estimate the level of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM ) in different types of Autoimmune hepatitis ( AIH).
Patients and Methods: The study was performed on 73 Iraqi patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), attending the teaching hospital for gastroenterology and liver disease in a p

Background: Nodal osteoarthritis is one of the most common arthropathy worldwide, the etiology is uncertain but many biochemical markers are recognized. Many studies have shown that leptin might have a role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, but little is known about the relation between serum leptin and nodal osteoarthritis.
Subjects and method: 52 women with nodal osteoarthritis and 40 apparently healthy women as a control were included in the study; serum leptin was measured in all subjects. Student t-test was applied to find out the significance of difference in the mean v
Results: There was a significant difference in the mean of serum leptin between patients and control groups.
Conclusion:

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma continues to be a major health problem in Iraq as well as in other countries. Many attempts were made to study molecular markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma and to link them to tumor grade, stage and prognosis, besides studying their role in carcinogenesis. The present study has been designed to detect mRNA of c-myc in oral squamous cell carcinoma compared to oral dysplasia and to link the marker to grade and degree of the two pathologies.
Materials and methods: Forty two cases, including 30 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma and 12 cases of oral dysplasia were included in this study. Sections on positively charged slides were made from their paraffin blocks

Background: Many workers have described the prevalence of HBV markers and anti-HCV among selected populations including health care personnel in Iraq. The purpose of this study is to describe the demographic characteristics and risk factors of hepatitis B and C in a sample of Iraqi health care workers (HCWs).
Materials and methods: A total of 1656 HCWs selected from Baghdad city was included in this study. A questionnaire form was filled for each HCW by direct interview. The data requested
included demographic characteristics and risk factors of exposure to HBV and HCV. HCWs were screened for the presence of HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HCV.
Results: A higher prevalence of HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HCV was de

Background: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is the most polymorphic genetic system in man. The genes of this region influence susceptibility to certain diseases.
Patients and methods: Immunofixation test is the method used to asses C4 polymorphism of 100 blood samples of 60 AIH patients and 40 healthy normal controls.
Results: An increased frequency of C4A*Q0 was observed for patients group versus control group with P-value (0.003).
Conclusions: This finding demonstrated that C4A*Q0 might play a role in AIH susceptibility.

Background: There is a general acceptance which illustrated that auto antibodies act as a central immunological disturbance in most of the auto immune diseases, among these auto immune diseaselies the SLE
Patients and Methods: Thirty five patients with SLE were compared to twenty age and sex matched, control subjects and studied for the presence of auto antibodies, plus IL-4 and IL-6 using Elisa method and immune fluorescent method (for ANA only)
Results: Data showed that IL-6 detectable levels were statistically significant in patients with positive anti ds-DNA, but not significant statistically in ANA positive patients although it was detected in 24 (70.6%) of positive ANA patients, while there was no sta

Back ground: Visceral leishmaniasis is an endemic protozoan disease in Iraq. Recovery from this disease confers a solid and permanent immunity. Immunological assessment of our patients was carried out and the results showed a significant reduction in the percentage of CD3, CD56 and a significant increase in the percentage of CD19 in the peripheral blood lymphocyte of VL in comparison with control group.
Patients and methods: Indirect immunofluorescence technique analysis was performed to detect the percentage of CD3, CD19and CD56 positive lymphocytes.
Results: Our results in the patients groups showed decrease in the percentage of CD3, CD56 and increase in the percentage of CD19. Follow up of patients after

Background: Shunt operations are performed for different reasons mainly hydrocephalus congenital or acquired. It’s associated with certain morbidity and mortality.
Patients and method: A prospective study from Jan 2004 to Jan 2006, 226 patients under went shunt operation in the specialized surgical hospital in Baghdad. The patients were divided into two groups according to the way of applying the upper end catheter. In group A49 patients where posterior parietal approach was used, and group (B) 174 where parietal or temproprietal approach was used.
Results and discussions: different complications were recorded, but the most frequent was upper end obstruction by choroids plexus or by debris. In group

Background: The removal of an impacted foreign body in the esophagus is still a common practice in the Thoracic Department of the Medical City Hospital .The objective of this study is to cast a light on this rather a common phenomenon in our country , its risks and its management.
Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective study of 120 patients with foreign bodies in the esophagus managed successfully in our department during five years period 1998 – 2002 inclusive .The study included 65 males and 55 females . Their ages range between I year and 75 years. The most common age group was less than 10 years , which constitutes about 30% of our patients .Varieties of foreign bodies were encountered ,their

Background: carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) a relatively common disease affecting ♀ more than ♂, usually at the age between 40 -60 , diagnosed by EMG & NCS, treated when moderate
to severe by surgical decompression of the median nerve.
Objective: To study the role of surgery in the management of CTS.
Patients & method: 124 patients collected from the neuro-surgical departments of the specialized surgical hospital from August 2001 till March 2007, all patients studied thoroughly
regarding age, sex, associated diseases, clinical features, EMG studies, surgery & out come & follow up for at least one year.
Results & discussion: there was around 2:1 ♀:♂ , with age predomena between 40-60

Background: no previous study is done in Iraq about the isolation and the identification of measles virus although the outbreaks were continuous in the previous
years.
Aim of the study: To identify our local strain of measles virus, which had caused measles o utbreak in the year 2004.
Patient and methods: About (55) Urine samples and (80) throat swabs were collected from 88 measles suspected patients all over the country during measles
outbreak of the year 2004. Serological (ELISA) and virological test were used for this purpose.
Results: Measles virus was isolated successfully in 16 patients who had symptoms of measles infection from mid and south of Iraq. These isolates were obtained on B95a
a

Background:
Patients treated for pediatric malignancy are at high risk of parenterally transmitted viral hepatitis.
Objectives:
To detect the seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C viral infections in children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia & identify some variables that could affect its
prevalence in these patients.
Patients and Methods:
One hundred fifty pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients, presented to Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, during the period from March 11th
2007 to July 31st 2007 were enrolled in this study; they were 103 males, 47 females, aged (2.25 months- 16 years). Sera of these patients were investigated for hepatitis
markers including HBsAg and A

Background: Asthma is an inflammatory airway disease; this inflammatory response can be attributed to reduced lymphocyte apoptosis in peripheral blood and in airway tissues.
The mechanism behind this could be attributed to decreased Bcl2 protein and increase Bax protein in peripheral blood lymphocytes of asthmatic patients.
Aim: to explore the mechanism behind decreased lymphocyte apoptosis in peripheral blood of asthmatic patients at cellular level.
Method: Ninety four subjects; (44) control and (50) patients were included in this study during the period from (2003) to (2004). The aspirated lymphocytes for each individual
were prepared and stained by immunocytochemistry to study the percentage of antiapop

Background: Acute renal failure (ARF) in children is a catastrophic, life -threatening event
Aim of the study: the aim of the present study is to find out the etiology and outcome of patients with acute renal failure below two years of age admitted to the hospital.
Patients and methods: A prospective study was carried out on children below 2 years of age (with exclusion of neonatal period) presented with acute renal shut down
admitted to Children Welfare Teaching Hospital during the period from Jan. 1st, 2007tojan30th,2008.
Results: the study group included 100 patients with acute renal failure, 69 males and 31 females with M/F ratio 2.2:1.Age range was between (2 months - 2 years).
Prerenal ARF wa

Background: - Carcinoma of the lung has became the most common type of cancer since 1985 & the most common cause of cancer death in both males & females.
Aim of study: - To assess the diagnostic accuracy of bronchial wash cytology & application of immunocytochemical methods, using two tumor markers (low molecular weight cytokeratin & epithelial membrane antigen) for more accurate & precise diagnosis of lung tumors.
Patients, materials and methods: - Fifty fifes suspected lung cancer cases according to their clinicoradiological examinations were included in this study.
Bronchial wash cytology was performed for all the 55 patients. Smears were stained by conventional cytological stain i

Back ground:Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is indicated in the exploration of superficial and deep masses. The accuracy of this procedure differs in various studies, and according to the organ explored. Palpable mammary masses of concern to the patient or clinician should be aspirated, regardless of imaging findings.
Objective: The present study aimed at evaluation of cytological results of FNA of different palpable breast lesions, using histopathological diagnosis as the gold standard for final diagnosis.
Patients & Methods: This prospective study includes 289 females with palpable breast lesions. FNA aspiration was conducted in a private out patient clinic during the period of 1994-2004. The cytolo

Background: To determine the DNA content in subfertile patients and to correlate it with seminal sperm concentration.
Design: Prospective observational study.
Setting: College of Medicine, Dept. of Physiological chemistry and Institute for embryo Research and infertility treatment-University of Baghdad.The study was conducted
through years 2004-2005.
Methods: A random sample of 61 subfertile male patients undergoing semen evaluation and aged from 20-45 years were studied. Semen samples were assessed for seminal sperm
concentration microscopically and were classified into 3 different groups according to count (million/ml).Then sperm D N A content (μg/ml) was estimated using a microchemical
spectropho

Background: uterine involution is the process by which the postpartum uterus returning to its prepregnant state by the process of autolysis. The aim of the study is to fallow the uterine involution sonographicly during the first two weeks of puerperium and clinical correlation of several puerperal conditions was sought.
Patients and methods: One hundred full term women were delivered in one of Baghdad hospital during a six month period were followed by serial sonogram during the first two weeks of the puerperal period to show the normal process of uterine regression in relation to several condition .The rate of uterine involution were shown as percentage drop in uterine volume at day (7) and day (14)&nbsp

Background: Routine use of nasogastric tubes, after abdominal operations, is intended to hasten the return of bowel function, prevent pulmonary complications, diminish the risk of
anastomotic leakage, increase patient comfort and shorten hospital stay. Aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of routine nasogastric decompression after abdominal surgery, in
achieving each of the above goals.
Patients and methods:Two hundred and twelve patients having abdominal operations of any type, emergency and elective have been followed prospectively over a period of three years (1st December 2004 until end of December 2007) in Baghdad teaching hospital. Patients were randomized into two groups. Group 1 had naso

Background: Geographic variations in the incidence of different congenital coronary anomalies are well known, but infrequently studied in the Iraqi population.
Recognition of coronary anomalies is important in patients undergoing coronary arteriogrphy; coronary interventions and cardiac surgery .Variation in the frequency of primary congenital coronary anomalies may possibly have a genetic background. 
Patients and methods: Three thousands adult patients underwent diagnostic coronary angiography at two cardiac centers in Baghdad between January 2003 to March 2006. Their angiographic films were reviewed by at least two experts in coronary angiographic study.
Results: Among 3000 adult patients wh

Background:- Cryoprecipitate (CRYO) is the cold- precipitated concentration of factor VIII , it is prepared from fresh frozen plasma (FFP) by rapid freezing within
six hours of collection and thawed slowly between 1 - 6 Cº and removed from the supernatant . The product contain most of F VIII and part of fibrinogen from the
original plasma as well as F XIII Von Willebrand (vWF) and fibronectin 

Aim of the study: -This study is conducted to provide more information about significant contents of cryoprecipitates in regard to factor VIII, fibrinogen, and von
Willebrand factor as part of the quality assurance in blood transfusion centers and to provide competent and efficient therapeutic materials to

Background: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare proliferative disorder of histiocytes encompasses a wide clinical spectrum, ranging from a benign localized disease to acute
generalized disease with fatal outcome.
Objectives: to retrospectively evaluate clinical characteristics at diagnosis and outcome of patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
Patients and methods: A retrospective analysis of data on 21 children with Langerhans cell histiocytosis followed at Oncology unit, Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, Medical City,
Baghdad, between 1999 and 2006.
Results : The age at time of diagnosis of LCH ranged from 3 months to 9 years, with a median of 22 months, and male to female ratio was 1