This study was designed to compare the effect of two types of viral hepatitis A and E (HAV
and HEV) on liver functions in Iraqi individuals by the measurement of biochemical changes
associated with hepatitis.
The study performed on 58 HEV and 66 HAV infected patients compared with 28 healthy
subjects. The measured biochemical tests include total serum bilirubin, serum transminases (ALT
and AST) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT).
The study showed that adolescent and young adults (17-29) years, were mostly affected by
HEV while children (5-12) years were frequently affected by HAV. The severity of liver damage in
HEV patients was higher than HAV patients as a result of high serum transa

The simple and available technique of colorimetry and indirect X-ray fluorescence determination of tetracycline hydrochloride (in the form of colored complex with iron(III) ions) and cyanocobalamine (in the form of the colored thiocyanate complex with cobalt(II) ions) is offered. The analytes were separated from the accompanying components by sorption to polyurethane foam based on ethers. The conditions of sorption separation and measurement of analytical signal of these substances are optimized. The obtained results of tetracycline drugs and injection solution B₁₂ vitamin are in satisfactory agreement with data declared by the manufacturer.

There is a continuous and massive need for newer cephalosporins that should have resistance against β-lactamases and can be used orally. An approach of using cephalexin, as a well-studied and potent antibacterial compound is considered to prepare new designed derivatives.  These derivatives include the incorporation of amino acid moiety linked through an amide bond with the α-amino group of cephalexin. Certain aliphatic amino acids were used, such as glycine, alanine, valine and proline. The chemical structures of these derivatives were confirmed by IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. All the synthesized compounds were subjected for preliminary evaluation of antimicrobial activity using well diffusion method, against certa

The antibiotic susceptibility was determined for 118 clinical E. faecalis isolates , the isolates showed various levels of susceptibilities to different antibiotics and 70.5% of these isolates were multidrug resistant. The relative expression of ebpA gene in six multidrug resistance E. faecalis isolates was determined in comparison with antibiotic-sensitive isolates selected as a control sample. The isolate 21 from root canal (multi drug resistance) showed increasing in expression in comparison with antibiotic sensitive isolates of E. faecalis. The relative expression of ebpC gene in multidrug resistance E. faecalis isolates was determined in comparison with antibiotic sensitive isolates which

The hazardous metabolic effects of treating schizophrenia patients with olanzapine comprise serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT2C) antagonists. Metabolic side effects of antipsychotic drugs, including lipid abnormalities, disturbed glucose metabolism, and weight gain, can have a major impact on treating psychiatric patients. The intent of this study was to investigate whether there is an associated link between the genetic polymorphism at -759C>T in the promoter region of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor (HTR2C) gene and the metabolic syndrome driven by olanzapine in schizophrenia patients. A cross-sectional study that involved fifty hospitalized patients with schizophrenia. The patients were split into two groups (metabolic and non-metabo

Bilastine (BLS) is non-sedating new-brand H1 antihistamine that has selective peripheral effects, the drug has a problem of an insufficient aqueous solubility and accordingly low dissolution rate, and low bioavailability. Solid dispersion (SD) is one of the most effective techniques for improving the solubility and the dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs by the dispersion of drug within an inert hydrophilic carrier.  

The aim of this study is to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of the BLS using SD technique. Twenty-nine BLS SD formulas were prepared using different carrier polymers include Pluronic 407 (Poloxamer407), Poloxamer188, Urea, Polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000) and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, immune mediated disease of the central nervous system, mostly affecting young adults with mean age of 30 years, twice as high in women compared to men. The etiology of MS is not fully elucidated. MS symptoms are directly related to demyelination and axonal loss, along with other psychological symptoms, can result in functional limitations, disability and reduced quality of life (QoL).  The QoL assessments in patients with a chronic disease may contribute to improving treatment and could even be of prognostic value. The goals  of this study were  to  compare the QoL of  Iraqi patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS),using three different diseas

Ebastine (EBS) is a poorly water-soluble antihistaminic drug; it belongs to the class II group according to the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS). The aim of the present work was to enhance the solubility, dissolution rate and micromeritic properties of the drug, by formulating it as spherical crystal agglomerates by Quasi Emulsion Solvent Diffusion (QESD) method.

Spherical crystal agglomerates (SCAs) were prepared in presence of three solvents dichloromethane (DCM), water and chloroform as a good solvent, poor solvent and bridging solvent respectively.  Agglomeration of EBS involved the use of some hydrophilic polymers like polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000), polyvinyl pyrrolidine K30 (PVP K30), D-?-tocopheryl

The study aimed to recommend a new spectrophotometric-kinetic method for determination of carbamazepine (CABZ) in its pure form and pharmaceutical forms. The proposed procedure based on the coupling of CABZ with diazotized sulfanilic acid in basic medium to yield a colored azo dye. Factors affecting the reaction yield were studied and the conditions were optimized. The colored product was followed spectrophotometrically via monitoring its absorbance at 396 nm. Under the optimized conditions, two method (the initial rate and fixed time (10 minute)) were applied for constructing the calibration graphs. The graphs were linear in concentration ranges 2.0 to 18.0 µg.mL^-1 for both methods. The proposed was applied successfully in

It was recorded that Terpinen-4-ol has an anti-parasitic properties, so it will be noteworthy to intensify the studies about this compound.

This study aims to test the effectiveness of terpinen-4-ol on amastigote forms of Leishmania parasite in macrophages.

This effect was studied by adding increasing concentrations  of  Terpinen-4-ol to  culture wells containing mouse macrophages that were previously incubated with the promastigote forms of the parasites for 24 hours .Then, they were incubated for another 24 hours with increasing concentrations of Terpinen-4-ol.  After, Parasites were enumerated into macrophages in wells either treated with Terpinen-4-ol or in control wells.

Treatment with Ter

Helminthiasis is a significant economic burden on grazing cattle. Increased resistance to currently available synthetic anthelmintics used to treat helminthiasis, and anthelmintic residues in meat and dairy products pose a significant worldwide health threat. These obstacles require the development of new anthelmintics capable of combating drug resistance while also exhibiting improved safety profiles. Rhynchosia cana (Fabaceae) is a herb that has historically been used as a worm expeller. To evaluate the phytochemical profile and explore the anti-oxidant and anthelmintic effects of different extracts of Rhynchosia cana (R. cana) by In silico and In vitro methods. Using standardised chemical t

         Cardiovascular disorders  are  refer to the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels (arteries and veins). While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system. Cholesterol is classified as a sterol (a contraction of steroid and

Hemodialysis (HD) Patients have one of the most significant polypharmacy and medication burdens of any patient population. This may be partially attributed to the high number of medications prescribed to manage chronic kidney disease (CKD) and comorbid conditions. Adding to this high volume of medications, medication regimen complexity can increase based on instructions for use, frequency of dosing, and complicated dosage formulations that may be harder to use. One way to combat polypharmacy and inappropriate medication use is through medication deprescribing. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of implementing a pharmacist-led deprescribing program on the medication-related burden among HD patients. A prospective intervention

Psidium guajava) is a compact tropical tree or shrub belonging to the Myrtaceae family. Originally native to tropical America, The literature survey has unveiled the diverse medicinal properties of guava, which have been documented worldwide through ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological surveys so it is newly cultivated in Iraq, this research is considered the first of its kind to extract essential oil from guava leaves and fatty acid from petroleum ether fraction of guava leaves newly cultivated in Iraq to identify the compounds present and test the cytotoxic activity of petroleum ether fraction on HEPG2 cell line. The extraction of essential oil (EO) from (Guava) leaves was carried out using the hydro distil

Background: The main mechanisms thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of acute renal failure with vancomycin treatment are oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.  In this study we evaluated the potential effects of sulbutiamine, thiamine, riboflavin and their combinations on vancomycin-induced acute renal failure as well as the underlying mechanisms.

Methods: a model of vancomycin-induced acute renal failure was performed on male rats. Forty-two rats were separated randomly into seven groups:  group 1 (a control group), group 2 (induction vancomycin group) given 200mg/kg at 3^rd week, group 3 (sulbutiamine + vancomycin), group 4 (thiamine + vanc

Meclizine Hydrochloride (MCZ) is an effective antihistamine for the prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting, with low oral bioavailability (about 30 to 40%) due to low water solubility. The purpose of the current study was to develop and characterize a thermo-responsive nasal in-situ gel for MCZ. To enhance the solubility of MCZ, an inclusion complex with Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) was prepared and characterized. The prepared complex was utilized in the preparation of thermosensitive in situ gels using the cold method. Twelve formulations were developed by employing various concentrations of Poloxamer 407, either alone or in combination with Poloxamer 188. Additionally, hydroxypropyl methylcellulos

   Ketoconazole (KET), an imidazole derivative with well-known antifungal properties, with poor aqueous solubility, therefore its topical clinical use has practical disadvantages. Bilosome plays an important role in topical drug delivery as they can reduce toxicity and modify dermal drug targeting by acting as a drug reservoir that can adjust the drug release rate.

This research aimed to formulate and optimize KET bilosomes to enhance its dissolution and topical antifungal activity. 

Ten KET bilosomes formulas were prepared by probe sonication method using two types of non-ionic surfactants (Span 40 or Span 60) along with cholesterol and sodium deoxycholate (SDC) as lipid strengthen and bil

              Cefdinir (CEF) is classified as a third-generation cephalosporin within class IV of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS). Consequently, it exhibits limited solubility in water, which might diminished oral bioavailability. This study aimed to compare CEF in different engineered product. Specifically, the CEF was physically mixed with co-former and then processed using different methods such as co-amorphous system formation with curcumin, binary solid dispersion with polyvinylpyrrolidone k30 (PVP) and with soluplus and ternary solid dispersion with curcumin and PVP using solvent evaporation method. The products were subjected to characterization usi

There has been a perspective shift regarding the role of inorganic nitrate consumption in human health. It was once thought to be a potentially harmful food additive, but more research has been conducted on the potential health benefits of dietary nitrate. This narrative review aimed to summarize important findings about the role of dietary nitrate in human health. Literature search was performed through PubMed and Google Scholar on the topics of dietary inorganic nitrate. This brief review was then synthesized summarizing the current evidence concerning its dietary source, safety concern, metabolism, and some potential health benefits. There is no compelling evidence to support the concerns about the toxic effects of nitrate as a food p

Doxorubicin is a wide-range antineoplastic agent; nonetheless, doxorubicin's related cardiotoxic adverse effect that is mediated via oxidative damage restricts clinical use. Dimethyl-Fumarate an agent to manage multiple sclerosis exhibited an anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity by stimulating Nrf-2-pathway. The current investigation was developed to examine how likely DMF protect against Dox-related cardiac injury in rats. Males and females Wistar rats treated by DMF-only (15 mg/kg /day)for 14 days orally or before DOX IP-inj. at (15mg\kg – single-dose on day 14) to prompt cardiac injury. Results revealed that DMF considerably alleviated DOX-related cardiotoxicity, by decreasing CK-MB and LDH serum co

Lead toxicity elicits neurological damage which is a well-known disorder that has been considered to be a major cause for multiple condition such as behavioral defect; mental retardation; and nerve insufficient activity.

This research is designed to estimate potential protective effect of vinpocetine on neurotoxicity stimulated by lead acetate in rats.

Eighteen adult rats of both sexes were randomly enrolled into three groups. Each group includes 6 rats as followings: Group I- Rats were given 0.3ml normal saline solution orally; then intraperitoneal injection of 100μl of the normal saline was given 1h later; this group was considered as control. Group II- Rats were given an intraperitoneal injection of 20mg/kg lead acetate

On the basis of known coumarin-based prodrug system, a novel coumarin-based mutual prodrug of 5-fluorouracil and dichloroacetic acid was designed, synthesized and evaluated as a promising oral chemotherapeutic agent basing on in vitro stability study in HCl buffer (pH 1.2) and in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), as well as in vitro release study in human serum. The chemical structure of prodrug was confirmed by analyzing its FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and MS-ESI spectra. The results of in vitro kinetic study indicated that the prodrug was significantly stable in HCl and in phosphate buffers, and was hydrolyzed in human serum followed pseudo first order kinetics.

Keywords: Coumarin-bas

The performance and the quality control of a drug may be evaluated using different approaches. Dissolution test is a corner stone in these processes. However, many issues appeared when using monophasic dissolution system like keeping the sink condition and/or described the in-vivo performance for Class II and IV drugs. Therefore, this study was to evaluate the biphasic dissolution system as discriminatory tool to differentiate between manufacture process and different excipient use for Class IV drug. Furosemide was prepared by two different methods: direct compression and wet granulation. Different excipients (acid and base) were used for each method. Furthermore, two commercially available products (Lasix® and generic product FA) were

The use of antibiotics without prescription (self-medication) is growing globally and is associated with increased bacterial resistance, ineffective treatment and adverse reactions. This study aimed at assessing the practice of antibiotic self-medication in the Iraqi population. A cross-sectional study design was adopted in this work. The sample was comprised of 303 staff members from the non-medical colleges in Iraq. An online questionnaire was distributed between the 29^th of June to the 14^th of September 2021 to collect data including socio-demographic characteristics and questions about antibiotic self-medication. Most of the participants had a university degree and a moderate monthly income. The majority (88%) h

The present study illustrates the potential using of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) in pharmaceutical analysis. A simple, rapid, non-destructive, and green (FT-IR) spectroscopy method for quality control evaluation of Ascorbic acid was developed, using potassium bromide (KBr) as a matrix to quantify the drug in bulk pharmaceutical materials and AUC its dosage forms. The sample preparation was done by mixing and grinding for disk composition and without using organic solvents. Absorbance obtained for the carbon-carbon band (C=C) located at the range (1600-1700) cm-1 was used to develop a calibration curve based on the AUC measurements. Method had been validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (I

 Placental dysfunction and or fetal central nervous system infestation caused by Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the leading cause of congenital non-genetic neuro-developmental problems of the newborn, worldwide. Although the highest rates of congenital infection and CMV seroprevalence occurs in developing countries like Iraq, there remains a paucity of data from that part of the world. This descriptive case control study was undertaken in Babylon/ Iraq to determine the local seroprevalence of CMV in women of child bearing age, and to identify the socio-demographic factors associated with it.  This study found a seropositivity peak amongst the 26-35 yr olds which declined in the 36 – 45 yr olds. However, the

Environmental exposures to lead remain a serious problem in the developing and industrializing countries. Children are the highest risk aged-group for lead poisoning. This study was designed to assess lead exposure in Al-Fallujah city by analyzing blood lead levels in children and adults and to explain the relationship between blood lead levels, hematological parameters and ferritin levels in the children. The study was performed on-(90) subjects, (65children and 25 adults).Venous blood samples were taken for estimation of hematological parameters, serum ferritin levels and blood lead levels. The children group was subdivided into four groups as: group (A) (low ferritin, low Hb), group (B) (low ferritin, normal Hb), group (C) (normal fer

Cisplatin (CP), a platinum compound, is one of the most active cytotoxic drugs used for cancer treatment. Nephrotoxicity is severe dose limiting side effect of this drug. Abnormal production of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) leading to oxidative stress has been implicated in kidney toxicity by Cisplatin. Here the study was aimed to evaluate nephroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Terminalia arjuna bark (EETAB) at the doses (200 & 400 mg/kg, body weight) against Cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg, i.p) induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The evaluation was done by measuring % change in body weight, renal function tests such as Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Serum Creatinine (Cr), Serum Total Protein (TP) and also Kidney SOD (Super

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor utilized for the treatment of hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections; and is now one of the most widely used antiretroviral drug. However, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate can induce nephrotoxicity, which may be attributed to the interaction between such drug and the organic anion transporters (hOAT1, and OAT3) with consequent changes in levels of some parameters that may have a role in nephrotoxicity. Thiazide diuretics have high to intermediate potency of inhibition of OAT1s and OAT3; thus, it may possess nephroprotective effects. This study was designed to investigate whether hydrochlorthiazide has nephroprotective effects on tenofovir diso

Liquisolid compact is the most promising technique for increasing dissolution rate and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.Clopidogrel bisulfate is an oral antiplatelets used for treatment and prophylaxis of cardiovacular and peripheral vascular diseases related to platelets aggreagation.Clopidogrel has low solubility at high pH media of intestine and low bioavailability of a bout 50% after oral doses.The purpose of this work was to enhance dissolution pattern of clopidogrel through its formulation into liquisolid tablets.A mathematical model was used to calculate the optimum quantities of tween 80 , carrier (Avicel PH 102) and coating material (Aerosil 200) needed to prepare acceptably flowing and compactible powder mixtures.The liq