Amoxicillin is commercially available in the form of capsules and tablets containing 250mg or 500mg for oral administration. It is also available in the form of suspension containing "25mg/ml” . Amoxicillin is presently used as the most common antibiotics .Ten healthy Human volunteers were characterized respected to their pharmacokinetic and bioavailability of two formulations of Amoxicillin from two sources of  industrial companies  after a single dose administration was given orally. A procedure is described for determination the concentration levels of Amoxicillin in human plasma of healthy volunteers using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with reversed-phase isocratic column at low wave length of UV-visib

The development of new cephalosporins with improved activity against resistant microbes, such as, MRSA (methicillin resistant Staph. aureus), P. aeruginosa, is of high potential. Chemical synthesis of two new series of thiadiazole linked to cysteine (series 1) and cephalosporins containing thiadiazole linked to cysteine through disulfide bond (series 2) were achieved. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using spectral (FT-IR, ¹H-NMR) and elemental microanalysis. The incorporation of privileged chemical moieties, such as, thiadiazole, Schiff base, cysteine and sulfonamide, has been found to have great contribution to the antimicrobial activities. Compounds of series 1 (1

Biological drugs have an active substance that is made by a living organism or derived from a living organism. They are one of the important therapy options used in a wide range of diseases especially life-threatening diseases. Biological therapy opens new opportunities for treating different diseases for which drug therapy is minimal, but they have considerable differences in the safety consequences in comparison with non-biological drugs. The aim of the current study was to assess the post-marketing safety profile of biological drugs used in Iraqi hospitals by the analysis of the reported adverse drug reactions regarding their severity, seriousness, preventability, expectedness, and outcome. It is a retrospective study of the individu

The pigweed family, Amaranthaceae, includes Amaranthus viridis, popularly known as green amaranth. This herb grows quickly and has an annual lifespan. Traditionally, it has been used to treat anemia, eczema, bronchitis, inflammation, and leprosy. Additionally for respiratory issues, ocular conditions, and asthma.

The phytochemical analysis of Amaranthus viridis L extracts identifies the presence of several categories of biologically active substances (phytochemicals): phenolics, which include flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic acids. Alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, various classes of triterpenoids, and steroids were also found.

Numerous investigations on A. viridis have been conducted to explore i

Numerous pharmacological compounds now on the market are ineffective in treating brain disorders ,they are not getting to the brain with the concentration required to have a pharmacological effect. Since there are many barrier as blood brain barrier (BBB), P-glycoprotein (an active efflux transporter), and specific enzymatic activity are some of the mechanisms that protect the brain from harmful circumstances. These systems, in particular BBB hinder therapeutic interventions of many medications . Thus, the majority of the medicine cannot give the desired effect because they cannot penetrate the brain, so they are useless in the treatment of brain illnesses . As a result, numerous Therefore, strategies that could enhance drug delivery to

         Niosomes are bilayer vesicles formed by the self-assembly of non-ionic surfactants, they are receiving increasing attention as a potential oral drug delivery system specifically for poor soluble drugs to enhance its dissolution and ultimately its absorption and oral bioavailability. Axitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor works by blocking the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR), decreasing the development of neovascularization which supress the tumour growth. It is classified as class 11 drug which has low bioavailability due to its poor solubility and absorption.  In this study, axitinib (AXT) capsules based niosomes formulated by thin film hydratio

Disulfiram (DSF) is a thiocarbamate derivative that has been used for the treatment of alcoholism. Researchers recently found out that DSF, a medicine authorized by the FDA to prevent alcohol consumption, has been investigated for its potential in cancer treatment. DSF, when taken by mouth, undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver, making it unsuitable for cancer treatment via oral administration. Furthermore, DSF has demonstrated the ability to enhance the cytotoxic impact of anticancer medications while preserving healthy cells. To solve the problem of instability and insufficient therapeutic efficacy, invasomal vesicles developed with better entrapment efficiency and size to serve as a carrier for the transdermal delivery of disulf

Hepatic fibrosis is a pathophysiological outcome of sustained wound healing response to chronic liver injury charecterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. Progressive liver fibrosis can be caused by chronic infection of hepatitis B or C, alcohol abuse, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and other relatively conditions. Liver fibrosis, the subsequent cirrhosis represent a serious medical burden; yet, there is still a lack of approved methods or drugs t

Nanomicelles, a nanocarrier drug system, recently applied in medical research as a technique to deliver therapies to the targeted site. Normal nanomicelles building units are amphiphilic molecules (surfactants or polymers) containing hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads that self-assembled into the hydrophobic core-hydrophilic shell-like structure that dispersed into the aqueous media upon hydration. Polymeric nanomicelles had a lower critical micelle concentration by thousands of folds than surfactants of low molecular weight, resulting in a higher stability and circulation time after administration. Mixed nanomicelles have an extra advantage by improving the stability and encapsulation e

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), a powerful type of pharmaceutical medications that combine immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Pemetrexed is a multitarget antifolate agent that inhibit essential enzymes involve in purine and pyrimidine synthesis, therefore serious toxicities of pemetrexed are due to lack of selectivity despite its broad antitumor activity in a wide variety of solid tumors. The aim of the study was to formulate and evaluate our prepared Atezolizumab (AtZ)-pemetrexed (Pem) conjugates as an intravenous (I.V) injectable dosage form. The characterization of the I.V formulation involved drug content, particle size, pyrogen test, sterility test, toxicity test, and stability test. The work revealed that our previously prepared

Dermatophytosis is the most common contagious fungal disease. Iraq, like the other many countries around the world, is facing an emergence of chronic, resistant and relapsing tinea infections. This study compared the efficacy, safety and the relapse rate of a combination therapeutic regimen of itraconazole and terbinafine vs. itraconazole alone in the treatment of chronic tinea infections. The research was conducted at the dermatology and venereology outpatient’s unit, Ramadi Teaching Hospital, Iraq, during the period from May 2022 to May 2023. Patients were divided equally into two groups. Group I received combination of itraconazole and terbinafine while group II was on itraconazole alone for eight weeks for each group. For assessmen

One of the innovative approaches to delivering drugs via topical route is nanoemulation (NE), which is easy to manufacture, stable over the long term, and has a potent solubilization property. Pimecrolimus is a low water soluble drug used to treat psoriasis, eczema, atopic dermatitis and vitiligo. This work describes the high-energy ultrasonication technique used to prepare pimecrolimus nanoemulsion. A pseudo-ternary phase diagram was created in order to determine the ideal ratios of oil-surfactant/co-surfactant mixture for the creation of nanoemulsions. Based on pimecrolimus's solubility in various oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants, Tween 80 was chosen as a surfactant, ethanol as a co-surfactant, and benzyl alcohol as an oil phase .

The term "inflammatory bowel disease" refers to a group of gastrointestinal tract inflammatory disorders that are considered idiopathic, chronic, and relapsing. The two primary disorders that comprise inflammatory bowel disease are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody, is a medication used to treat a number of autoimmune diseases such ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis. Therapeutic drug monitoring is a tool used in therapeutic decision-making that allows dosage modifications to be made in accordance with clinical and laboratory measures, usually blood concentrations of the drug, in order to achieve the drug exposure linked to the best res

The transdermal route of drug delivery has received significant attention in pharmaceutical research due to its ability to overcome many challenges associated with oral medication administration, including the ability to bypass first-pass metabolism, ensuring a more predictable and prolonged period of action, as well as minimizing the occurrence of adverse reactions. Transferosomes are a type of ultra-deformable lipid-based vesicles, that have the potential to offer several benefits compared to the traditional lipid-based vesicles such as liposome. The major goal of this research was to prepare (for the first time) dapagliflozin-loaded transferosomes for the purpose of minimizing the potential risk of hyperglycemia associated with oral a

          Chronic stable angina pectoris (CSAP) is a prevalent heart disease which can be defined as a symptom or a clinical syndrome of stable coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD is usually caused by the presence of atherosclerotic plaques or blood clot within coronary arteries that may lead to ischemia. miRNA 133a is mainly expressed in the muscle and it has a role in apoptosis, angiogenesis, hypertrophy, atherosclerosis and ischemia. MR-proADM is of endothelial origin and produced by different sites in the body mainly by the heart, kidneys, lungs and adrenal medulla. MR-proADM plasma level is thought to be predictive of CAD. The aim of the current study was to detect the serum levels of micr

           Isradipine is a calcium channel blocker, it’s the drug of choice for oral therapy of severe hypertension and urgent hypertension crises in pediatrics. It belongs to the BCS class II. Its oral bioavailability will be approximately 15 to 24 %.

          This study aims to prepare a stable, low-toxic, eco-friendly, surfactant-free oral oil-in-water emulsion of Isradipine for pediatric patients and enhance dosing accuracy. Isradipine surfactants–free emulsions (SFE) were prepared to protect this ester drug from hydrolysis, oxidation, photosensitivity, increasing its solubility and absorption, thereby improving its bioavailabi

Adiponectin is one of the most important hormones secreted by adipose tissue and plays a major role in the development of obesity. A variant-specific ADIPOQ single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs-266729) with a C to G missense mutation can be strongly associated with obesity. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP rs-266729) of the ADIPOQ gene with obesity and some biochemical markers in these patients. The case-control study included 186 participants (106 patients and 80 healthy control). DNA was extracted from whole blood and then the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Polymerase Chain Reaction (RFLP-PCR) technique was used to limit the genotype of the ADIPOQ gene (rs266729)

Lipid disorders and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk are known to be increased in patients with diabetes mellitus. The effects of statins on serum lipid levels are well known; however, previous studies did not compare the effects of statins on serum lipid levels in diabetic patients with non-diabetic patients. To investigate the effects of Atorvastatin on serum lipid profiles in hyperlipidemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in comparison with hyperlipidemic patients without diabetes.This study was conducted on 33 type 2 diabetic patients & 34 non-diabetic patients; their age range was 40-80 years, all of them were hyperlipidemic, who had been administered 10, 20, & 40 mg daily of Atorvastatin and completed a 6-month foll

The presence of the most important steroidal sapogenin “Tigogenin” in the leaves of Agave americana  cultivated in Iraq was detected. The absence of any study concerning the Tigogenin content of this medicinal plant in Iraq, and the industrial importance of Tigogenin depending on its role as a precursor in the synthesis of some steroidal drugs, acquired this study its value. This search include extraction,  isolation,  purification and dentification of Tigogenin from the leaves of Agave americana. Extraction of this compound was carried out using two methods. Identification of this compound is carried out by using thin layer chromatography (TLC) where three different mobile phase have been use

The engagement of pharmacists in research activities is pivotal in the advancement of the pharmacy practice. The study aims to evaluate the confidence and competence of Malaysian hospital pharmacists in conducting clinical and practice-based research.

A cross-sectional study was carried out between September 2019 and April 2020 using an online survey. Pharmacists from eight different hospitals in Malaysia were involved in the study. The survey link was sent to all pharmacists of the included hospitals via email. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25.

A total of 226 pharmacists participated in this study, and their average age was 28 years old. About 82 % of the participants reported that they did not have any previous re

An oral bi layer  sustained release (SR) strips of Sodium  Montelukast SMLT , which is selective  leukotriene  antagonist  , used  for  patients  suffered from mid-night asthma , were prepared successfully ,using different polymers, like guar  gum , carrageenan , and xanthan gum , by solvent casting method .

The results obtained by this study revealed  ,that best  fast  dissolving  film of  SMLT was  loaded  in carrageenan   polymer 57%  w\w (30mg.) ,  with  acceptable  physical properties, like film thickness , elastic endurance and  surface pH  .

Besides  to that , the  disintegration  t

 Endometriosis is a common women health disorder that occurs when Endometrial-like tissue grows outside the uterus. This may lead to irregular bleeding , pelvic pain, infertility and other complications.   Metformin,  because of its activity to improve  insulin sensitivity, it is  used for  the treatment of diabetes; it  also  has a modulatory  effect  on  ovarian  steroid  production and has  anti-inflammatory  properties,  all may  suggest  its possible effect in treatment  of endometriosis. This  study  was  planned  to  determine  the  effect  of  metformin  on serum levels  of&nbs

Abstract

Backgrounds: Jaundice occurs in most newborn due to increased bilirubin concentration. Jaundice is observed during the first week after birth in approximately 60% of term neonates. A high level of bilirubin is neurotoxic and may cause neonatal kernicterus, auditory neuropathy or death.

Objectives: to compare the Rh group compatibility, serum bilirubin (total and direct), serum albumin and several liver enzymes between physiological and pathological neonatal jaundice

Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study for one hundred neonates with jaundice divided into group 1: 50 newborns with physiological jaundice, Group 2: 50 newborns with

A detailed study of adsorption from solution of amitriptyline-HCl, chlorpromazine-HCl and
chlordiazepoxide-HCl on bentonite clay surface has been performed at variable conditions of
temperature, pH and ionic strength. It is aimed in this work to explore the capability of this clay in
treatment of poisoning by the mentioned drugs if taken in quantities higher than the usual doses.
Quantities of drugs adsorbed have been determined by UV spectrophotometric technique. The
sequence of adsorption in neutral media at 37.5 CÙ’ followed the order:
Amitriptyline-HCl > chlorpromazine-HCl > chlordiazepoxide-HCl.
The results were discussed in the light of Langmuir and Freundich adsorption isotherms. The usual
basic th

Oxidative stress markers are of important diagnostic parameters for many disorders including cholelithiasis. This present study has aimed to assess the state of oxidative stress in symptomatic radiographically confirmed (Cholelithiasis) patients by measuring two parameters used as oxidative stress parameters which are serum myeloperoxidase (MPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). This study was carried out on 100 patient diagnosed as (Cholelithiasis) patients with 30 age and sex matched healthy controls by measuring serum (MPO) and (SOD) by ELIZA technique .Results showed significantly decrease in antioxidant enzyme(SOD) and increase in serum level of (MPO) comparing with controls.

Keywords: Cholelithiasis , Oxidative stress

This study was designed to investing the drug prescribing pattern which is the important point in the rational or irrational use of drugs among patients dispensing their prescriptions from the private pharmacies in Maysan governorate, Iraq for a period of 1 month. The data collected from prescriptions were calculated and analyzed according to the WHO prescribing guidelines. The data showed that the mean of drugs included in single prescription was 3.4, and 12% of prescribed drugs were written as generic names; moreover, the percentage of antibiotics, corticosteroids and anxiolytics were 33.3%, 11.4% and 23.8% respectively. Those results indicate the irrational use of drugs when compared with the world health organization standard values

Chronic inflammation can induce proliferative events and posttranslational DNA modifications in prostate tissue through oxidative stress. The present study was designed to evaluate the changes in serum levels of TNF-α, malomdialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant status (TAS) patients with different stages of malignant prostatic cancer (PCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). One hundred males (age range of 58-72 years) with different stages of malignant PCa were recruited from the Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Teaching Hospital in Baghdad during the period from September 2010 to April 2011. The patients were categorized according to the 4 disease stages (I, II, III, and IV); 25 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

The effective surface area of drug particle is increased by a reduction in the particle size. Since dissolution takes place at the surface of the solute, the larger the surface area, the further rapid is the rate of drug dissolution. Ketoprofen     is class II type drug according to (Biopharmaceutics Classification System BCS) with low solubility and high permeability. The aim of this investigation was to increase the solubility and hence the dissolution rate by the preparation of ketoprofen     nanosuspension using solvent evaporation method. Materials like PVP K30, poloxamer 188, HPMC E5, HPMC E15, HPMC E50, Tween 80 were used as stabilizers in perpetration of differ