In this paper, several sliding friction formulations used in spur gear dynamics are examined and compared in terms of the predictions of interfacial friction forces and off-line-of-action. Computing friction formulations include Coulomb models with time-varying friction coefficients and empirical expressions based on elasto - hydrodynamic and/or boundary lubrication regime principles. Predicted results compare well with friction force measurements and appeared completely conformed with specific objectives of this paper are established as follows: (1) propose an improved MDOF spur gear pair model with time-varying coefficient of' friction, µ(t), given realistic mesh stiffness profiles.(2) comparatively evaluate alternate sliding friction

The artistic dimension appears as an important factor in urban townscape's identity shaping, as many cities in the world have a different identity through the different artistic elements in it, the artistic dimension is meant within the research (set of artistic elements that can contribute to urban identity shaping, whether on architecture or on urban design in addition to public, urban arts). Many previous global studies have dealt with one type or more of art affecting the urban townscape identity of specific cities as a case study. Thus, we can diagnose the research problem as (the lack of local knowledge about the role of the artistic dimension in all its components in achieving the urban townscape identity), and th

This research deals with the review of former research that made to solve the challenges and complexities of both static and dynamic soil structure interaction through discussing advanced computational models and their applications and exploring methods of solving the challenges of soil structure interaction in foundation engineering to provide a guide for the engineering community through the complexes of soil structure interaction. It was found that the numerical analysis for both static and dynamic soil structure interaction using the finite element method with the aid of advanced computional models is ideal for dealing with the non-linearity of soil and structure properties and loading conditions and that the use of

The seismic design of pile foundations mainly relies on analyzing the seismic response of layered, liquefiable locations. Two design scenarios are taken into consideration from the case histories; the first is how pile foundations react to the stresses and lateral displacements brought on by the lateral dispersion of liquefied soil. The second is how to piles reaction to seismic activity that occurs with the development of high pore water pressures. The PLAXIS 3D software is utilized in this research with a non-linear soil constitutive model (hypoplastic model) for both dry and saturated loose sandy soils under the impact of two earthquakes and the motion of different features to give a complete understanding of the dyna

One-third of the total waste generated in the world is construction and demolition waste. Reducing the life cycle of building materials includes increasing their recycling and reuse by using recycled aggregates. By preventing, the need to open new aggregate quarries and reducing the amount of construction waste dumped into landfills, the use of recycled concrete aggregate in drum compacted concrete protects the environment. Four samples of PRCC were prepared for testing (compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, density, water absorption, porosity) as the reference mix and (10, 15, and 20%) of fine recycled concrete aggregate as a partial replacement for fine natural aggregate by volume. The mix is designed according to

The paper presents the design and modeling of a twenty-channel, bidirectional WDM-PON architecture with IM/DD for the 5G fronthaul in C-RAN systems. The proposed architecture is fully compliant with the ITU-T G-series Supplement 66 requirements on next-generation fronthaul interfaces. Each channel has a data-carrying bit rate of 25 Gbps, thus yielding a total capacity of 500 Gbps for the entire system. The entire design has been simulated in OptiSystem V.22. The analysis of the BER for different lengths of fiber and continuous wave laser power conditions provides the performance evaluation. Through simulation results, it can be confirmed that the system conforms to the F1 and Fx functional split specifications that are u

The urban fabric of contemporary cities is experiencing a decline in spatial memory and collective identity as a result of rapid transformations in urban form and behavior. This research is based on the hypothesis that the continuity and spatial integration of the morphological structure enhance spatial perception and belonging, and that this interconnectedness forms the basis for reviving urban identity. The study adopts an analytical-comparative approach that combines digital spatial analysis using DepthmapX and social analysis through a field survey of residents. This approach compares three historic cities that represent different patterns of spatial memory revival: Fez, which preserved the coherence of its organic f

Bridges are one of Baghdad’s most important infrastructure elements, today they are not only for crossing the river and connecting Karkh and Rusafa, but serve as strategic tools to ease traffic congestion resulting from population density and rapid urbanization. With a population exceeding eight million and a growing number of vehicles, maintaining and sustaining bridges through continuous monitoring and inspection has become essential. Yet the current inspection process faces many challenges. This research aims to identify factors hindering optimal bridge inspection and to provide solutions for improved inspection performance. These challenges stem from managerial, technological, economic and environmental issues, red

One of the biggest problems facing the construction sector throughout the globe is financial risks. This is especially true for building projects in Iraq.  These hazards often result in project delays and budgetary constraints.  The goal of this research is to find the reasons behind financial hazards.  A questionnaire was used to discover and extract sub-factors.  A probability and effect matrix was also used to provide a quantitative study of these parameters. We also utilized the relative relevance index to rank the hazards.  The study's findings revealed that eight factors significantly influenced the project, categorized as high risk: inaccurate cost estimates, delayed client payment processes, clients' financi

Efficient design of weaving sections is critical for maintaining smooth traffic flow on urban arterial roads. This study investigates optimal weaving lengths (WL) for improving traffic flow efficiency using two weaving sections located on Malik Mahmud Ring Road in Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, as a case study. Traffic and geometric data were collected through drone footage and processed using data from Sky Viewer to extract detailed vehicle trajectories. A calibrated and validated microsimulation model was developed in PTV VISSIM 2024 to replicate real-world traffic conditions. A full factorial experimental design tested the effects of WL, mainline traffic volume, and weaving volume on section performance. T

Potentiometric sensing utilizes reference ion-selective electrodes to determine the electrochemical concentration of target ions under various chemical conditions. Electrodes made from zinc (Zn) ions are used as electrochemical sensors to detect water pollution caused by heavy metals. In this work, the sensor device consisted of Zn ions as an ion exchanger and polyvinyl chloride and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate as plasticizers. The response properties of these electrodes, the ultraviolet-visible spectrum of samples, the calibration curve, the concentration range, and the pH effect were studied. The empirical results illustrate that the electrode exhibited a linear range from )1 × ) M with a correlation coefficient 0.983

In this study, the combined effect of fiber orientation and loading frequency on tension–tension fatigue behavior of woven Kevlar/epoxy laminates was examined. Specimens with fiber orientations of 0°, 23°, and 45° were fabricated via hand lay-up and tested according to ASTM D3039 and ASTM D3479 standards. Static tensile tests with ultimate tensile strengths (UTS) of 276.1 MPa (0°), 159.2 MPa (23°), and 185.81 MPa (45°) showed clear orientation dependence. Fatigue stresses were normalized using (σ_max/UTS), Fatigue experiments were conducted at stress levels ranging from 55%to 90% of (UTS) and at two loading frequencies, 5 and 15 Hz. and the results were interpreted through normalized S–N curves, Basquin regression fi

Since seismic reflection data produce comprehensive subsurface images that reveal geological structures likely to contain minerals, oil, and gas, they are essential for resource exploitation. When paired with well logs, these data enable seismic and petrophysical assessments that lower drilling risks and boost efficiency. Wireline logs from five wells and seismic coverage of the Nasiriyah oil field (Dhi-Qar Governorate), processed with Schlumberger software, were used to characterize the Yamama reservoir. Synthetic seismograms connected reservoir tops to seismic data; however, resistivity and gamma logs helped with correlation and sequence delineation. Wells' correlation described the migration routes of hydrocarbons and

The combination of quantum materials into electrochemical systems provides a novel procedure in advanced energy storage technology. This study focused on the use of magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene (MATBG); a material known for its unconventional superconductivity and superfluid stiffness scaling at cryogenic temperatures suitable for enhancing battery interfaces under room temperature conditions. By exploiting the quantum capacitance of MATBG and incorporating it in an adapted Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) theoretical framework, this study achieved substantial and remarkable improvements in interfacial energetics and charge-transfer kinetics. Explicitly, the modified PNP model showed a 50% reduction in interfacial potential gradients

This work prepared new composite (Ag₂O/AC) used as adsorbent and oxidation from activated carbon (AC) prepared from Upholstery waste (UW) by carbonization and precipitation methods by hydrated 5% silver nitrate (AgNO₃) by Photo Oxidation Batch Reactor (POBR) to organic elimination from refinery wastewater (RWW) through a batch technique and compared between them on activated carbon. The FTIR, FE-SEM, EDX and BET analyses were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of the AC and Ag₂O/AC samples. The removal efficiency of organic contaminants was inspected under four working conditions: dose (0.2-1 g), pH (3-9), agitation speed (100-300 rpm), and contact time (30-120 min). The

Ex-situ bioremediation of 2,4-D herbicide-contaminated soil was studied using a slurry bioreactor operate at aerobic conditions. The performance of the slurry bioreactor was tested for three types of soil (sand, sandy loam and clay) contaminated with different concentration of 2,4-D, 200,300and500mg/kg soil. Sewage sludge was used as an inexpensive source of microorganisms which is available in large quantities in wastewater treatment plants. The results show that all biodegradation experiments demonstrated a significant decreases in 2,4-D concentration in the tested soils. The degradation efficiency in the slurry bioreactor decreases as the initial concentration of 2,4-D in the soils increases.A 100 % removal was achieved at initial con

The aim of this study is interpretation well logs to determine Petrophysical properties of tertiary reservoir in Khabaz oil field using IP software (V.3.5). The study consisted of seven wells which distributed in Khabaz oilfield. Tertiary reservoir composed from mainly several reservoir units. These units are : Jeribe, Unit (A), Unit (A'), Unit (B), Unit (BE), Unit (E),the Unit (B) considers best reservoir unit because it has good Petrophysical properties (low water saturation and high porous media ) with high existence of hydrocarbon in this unit. Several well logging tools such as Neutron, Density, and Sonic log were used to identify total porosity, secondary porosity, and effective porosity in tertiary reservoir. For

Granular  Pile  Anchor  (GPA)  is  one  of  the  innovative  foundation  techniques,  devised  for mitigating heave of footing resulting from the expansive soils. This research attempts to study the heave behavior of (GPA-Foundation System) in expansive soil. Laboratory tests have been conducted on an experimental model in addition to a series of numerical modeling and analysis using the finite element package PLAXIS software. The effects of different parameters, such as (GPA) length (L) and diameter (D), footing diameter (B), expansive clay layer thickness (H) and presence of non-expansive clay are studied. The results proved the efficiency of (GPA) in reducing the heave of exp

Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) is one of the important dental temporary filing materials. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of adding 3, 5 and 7 wt. % of TiO₂ microparticles to conventional GIC powder (Riva Self Cure) on mechanical properties and its effect on absorption and solubility processes. TiO₂ particles additives improved compressive strength and biaxial flexural strength, where the compressive strength increased with increasing in the added ratio, while the highest value of the biaxial flexural strength was at 3 wt.%. The addition of TiO₂ particles improved the surface Vickers microhardness values, with highest value at 5 wt. %. On other hand TiO₂ addition im

This study objective is to identify the visual pollution in Karrada district main streets as an example of main streets in Baghdad, the public opinion about each pollutants, solutions to reduce and eliminate the pollution were suggested as well. In order to accomplish this objective different methods were used, 16 pollutants were selected, pictures of each pollutants were taken and a questioner were distributed randomly for 270 people to evaluate the public opinion with statistical methods. Garbage, their disposal and storage areas took the first two places as the highest offensive pollutants. The people showed that they find long lines of vehicles, debris and generators appearance ranked third, fourth and fifth respectively .This resear

Piled raft is commonly used as foundation for high rise buildings. The design concept of piled raft foundation is to minimize the number of piles, and to utilize the entire bearing capacity. High axial stresses are therefore, concentrated at the region of connection between the piles and raft. Recently, an alternative technique is proposed to disconnect the piles from the raft in a so called unconnected piled raft (UCPR) foundation, in which a compacted soil layer (cushion) beneath the raft, is usually introduced.  The piles of the new system are considered as reinforcement members for the subsoil rather than as structural members. In the current study, the behavior of unconnected piled rafts systems has been studie

Stripping is one of the major distresses within asphalt concrete pavements caused due to penetration of water within the interface of asphalt-aggregate matrix. In this work, one grade of asphalt cement (40-50) was mixed with variable percentages of three types of additives (fly ash, fumed silica, and phosphogypsum) to obtained an modified asphalt cement to resist the effect of stripping phenomena .The specimens have been tested for physical properties according to AASHTO. The surface free energy has been measured by using two methods namely, the wilhelmy technique and the Sessile drop method according to NCHRP-104
procedures. Samples of asphalt concrete using different asphalt cement and modified asphalt cement percentages(4.1,4.6 an

The need for renewable energy sources is higher than ever due to rising global warming, climate change, and ozone depletion. For refrigeration and air conditioning applications, adsorption refrigeration systems are viable alternatives cooling techniques. This study is a topic and part of the M.Sc. thesis. A field solar-powered ice maker unit was created, studied, tested, and evaluated on the 13^th and 30^th of May, 2022. Activated carbon and methanol pair was used to set up a refrigeration system in Baghdad (Al Dora). Experimental tests were carried out outdoors to determine the coefficient of performance COP and specific cooling power SCP of the system. The results showed that the lowest temperature

High population density, land exploitation, and water scarcity are the biggest problems in the world. To solve these problems, floating solar power plants were chosen because of the advantages of this system and high efficiency compared to land systems. In this study, the reservoirs of the five main dams in Iraq were chosen: Dukan, Darbandikhan, Hamrin, Haditha, and Mosul. They were covered with percentages of 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. This study aimed to produce energy and meet the population's electricity needs and evaporation losses. The results revealed that covering the reservoirs by 100% can produce 230.53, 7526666, 15561, 244059, and 184692 MW from reservoirs of Dukan, Darbandikhan, Hemrin, Haditha, and  M

In wireless broadband communications using single-carrier interleave division multiple access (SC-IDMA) systems, efficient multiuser detection (MUD) classes that make use of joint hybrid decision feedback equalization (HDFE)/ frequency decision-feedback equalization (FDFE) and interference cancellation (IC) techniques, are proposed in conjunction with channel coding to deal with several users accessing the multipath fading channels. In FDFE-IDMA, the feedforward (FF) and feedback (FB) filtering operations of FDFE, which use to remove intersymbol interference (ISI), are implemented by Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs), while in HDFE-IDMA the only FF filter is implemented by FFTs. Further, the parameters involved in the FDFE/

Urban expansion and its environmental and safety effects are one of the critical information needed for future development planning, safety considerations and environmental management. This work used two methods to monitor urban expansion and it's environmental and safety effects, the first is based on Google Maps for the years 2002 and 2010, and the second was the usage of spatial videos for the year 2013. Although the usage of satellite images is critical to know and investigate the general situation and the total effects of the expansion on a large piece of area, but the Spatial videos do a very detailed fine scale investigation, site conditions regarding both environmental and safety cannot be easily distinguished fr

This paper offers a new design, simulation, and trying out a strategy for the Photovoltaic (PV) gadget producing 100 MW· The work explores how different irradiance and PV temperature tiers have an effect on the output power· To enhance the PV system, the proposed work utilizes the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique with a DC-DC boost converter and a 3-phase tie inverter· These components can improve output voltage and convert it into AC electricity for integration into the application grid· The Block Builder tool is taken into consideration a key factor of this work, which enables accurate simulation of various environmental conditions inclusive of a wide range of solar radiation and PV temperature· Conse

Moisture induced damage is a prevalent pavement distress commonly observed by road agencies. The damage caused by moisture significantly affects the pavement's lifespan and performance. This research investigated the influence of silica fume (SF) on the susceptibility to moisture. Three concentrations of silica fume were used 3%, 6%, and 9% by weight of the binder. A thermal camera has been used to detect variations in homogeneity in the modified asphalt during the mixing process. The optimal asphalt content was 4.92, 5.02, 5.16, and 5.22 for the control and modified mixtures. The moisture susceptibility was evaluated by measuring the tensile strength ratio (TSR) and index of retained strength (IRS). The thermal images s

In the present work, the impact of metal foam (MF) on the thermal efficiency of a parabolic trough collector (PTC) was experimentally investigated using two types of receivers: one with metal foam insertion (MFI) and one without. Tests were conducted with a 30% filling ratio (FR) of copper foam blocks, consisting of 10 discs, each 45 mm thick, semi-uniformly spaced along the receiver pipe. The copper foam had pore densities of 10–40 PPI and porosities of 0.903 and 0.8983. The experiments carried out under ASHRAE 93 standards involved varying volume flow rates from 0.1 to 0.3 LPM, using water as the heat transfer fluid. The experiments took place in Iraq in May 2024, from 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m., under solar radiation co

Theoretical trends have appeared Which posed the concept of biological structures in contemporary architecture concept, Spread through the emergence of architectural production that reflect and indicate the nature of the construction structures based on the ideas and principles of biological structures in biological science: Despite the emergence of many architectural proposals that tried to explain the concept in the field of architecture, but it is not dealt with in depth and not given a comprehensive definition: So there was need to search for the concept and its beginning in the biological field as a general framework down to the field of architecture for the purpose of reducing the limits of their search framework T