The oxidation of phenol in aqueous solution was studied at atmospheric pressure in a batch
reactor. Fenton reaction was used to degrade this component. Phenol (50 - 100 ppm) oxidation was carried out in the acidic medium range of (pH=2.7 - 5.8) under mild conditions of temperature (28 - 48°C), stochiometric excess percentage of H2O2 (S.EH2O2%) of (0 - 100%), and Fe(II) to phenol concentrations ratio of (0 - 0.63). The results indicate that the oxidation by Fenton reaction was an efficient method to eliminate phenol, also the amount of catalyst and temperature had the large effect on the phenol degradation. Finally the simple kinetic model for the reaction was established.

The present research includes an experimental study for the effect of fins perforation on
the performance of helically finned tubes. The experiments were made on five models of (18
mm) diameter tubes finned spirally with (12mm) high fins perforated with a circular holes ,
the number of holes was (3-3-6&2 hole /fin) and their diameters were (3,4,2&3mm)
respectively .Each tube was tests horizontally by forcing air with(1.5-7.5 m/s) maximum
velocity and Reynolds number range (
3
105.7 10 3
21.1510  
) on the tube .The effect of
number and diameter of holes were studied.The experimental results showed that the fins
perforation increase the overall heat transfer coefficie

Increasing world demand for renewable energy resources as wind energy was one of the goals behind research optimization of energy production from wind farms. Wake is one of the important phenomena in this field. This paper focuses on understanding the effect of angle of attack (α) on wake characteristics behind single horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT). This was done by design three rotors different from each other in value of α used in the rotor design process. Values of α were (4.8˚,9.5˚,19˚). The numerical simulations were conducted using Ansys Workbench 19- Fluent code; the used turbulence model was (k-ω SST). The results showed that best value for extracted wind energy was at α=19˚, spread distance of wak

Automatic detection and classification of cardiac arrhythmias is important for diagnosis of cardiac abnormality. This paper shows a method to accurately classify ECG arrhythmias through a combination of slantlet transform and artificial neural network (ANN). The ability of the slantlet transform to decompose signal at various resolutions allows accurate extraction of features from non-stationary signals like ECG. The low frequency coefficients, which contain the maximum information about the arrhythmia, were selected from the slantlet decomposition. These coefficients are fed to a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network which classifies the arrhythmias. In the present work the ECG data is taken from standard MIT- BIH datab

This paper presents the building of expert system to enable the inexperience plants operators to application of better of wastewater treatment plant. This methodology consists of three steps: (i) creation of a decision trees (algorithms) for the diagnosis operational problems; (ii) implementation into a real-based system; and (iii) verification. This system called expert system for Rustimiyah south wastewater treatment plant operation (ES-RS-WWTPO). The knowledge acquisitions to build this system ware extracted from literature. Moreover local experience ware also incorporated using the results of a well designed questionnaire. The results obtained in the application three operational states showed that the system was able to diagnosis (c

Construction joints are frequently used in engineering structures for various reasons. When the size of the structure is relatively large stoppage of concrete casting at certain locations is necessary. Stoppage of casting may also occurs due to sudden failure of mixing machines, or when the concrete stock ingredients runs out of materials, or when weather conditions do not permit casting operations to continue. If stoppage of concreting occurs, a joint between old and new concrete forms, it is then necessary to evaluate the horizontal shear capacity at the interface between old and new concretes to prevent progressive slip from taking place and to insure satisfactory performance of the structure.
A total of 16 push-off tests were perf

Both the double-differenced and zero-differenced GNSS positioning strategies have been widely used by the geodesists for different geodetic applications which are demanded for reliable and precise positions. A closer inspection of the requirements of these two GNSS positioning techniques, the zero-differenced positioning, which is known as Precise Point Positioning (PPP), has gained a special importance due to three main reasons. Firstly, the effective applications of PPP for geodetic purposes and precise applications depend entirely on the availability of the precise satellite products which consist of precise satellite orbital elements, precise satellite clock corrections, and Earth orientation parameters. Secondly, th

In this investigation, metal matrix composites (MMC_s) were manufactured by using powder technology. Aluminum 6061 is reinforced with two different ceramics particles (SiC and B₄C) with different volume fractions as (3, 6, 9 and 12 wt. %). The most important applications of particulate reinforcement of aluminum matrix are: Pistons, Connecting rods etc. The specimens were prepared by using aluminum powder with 150 µm in particle size and SiC, B₄C powder with 200 µm in particle size. The chosen powders were mixed by using planetary mixing setup at 250 rpm for 4hr.with zinc stearate as an activator material in steel ball milling. After mixing process the powders were compacted by hydraulic

The research addresses smart city concept as it is the latest urban design trends, by the investment of the capabilities of human, and artificial intelligence for the sake of the advancement of the city. The concept of a smart city is described as one of the most important manifestations of the information revolution, with the end of the twentieth, and the beginning of twenty – first century, The research attributes the emergence of the concept to: deficiencies of means, and traditional methods in building and development of cities, as well as The significant increase in the number of city and global metropolises dwellers. So, smart city approach has been adopted, along with innovative principles and methods which cons

The main aim of this research is to introduce financing cost optimization and different financing alternatives. There are many studies about financing cost optimization. All previous studies considering the cost of financing have many shortcomings, some considered only one source of financing as a credit line without taking into account different financing alternatives. Having only one funding alternative powers, restricts contractors and leads to a very specific financing model. Although it is beneficial for the contractor to use a long-term loan to minimize interest charges and prevent a substantial withdrawal from his credit line, none of the existing financial-based planning models have considered long-term loans in

Transient three-dimensional natural convection heat transfer due to the influences of heating from one side of an enclosure filled with a saturated porous media, whereas the opposite side is maintained at a constant cold temperature, and the other four sides are adiabatic, were investigated in the present work experimentally. Silica sand was used as a porous media saturated with distilled water filled in a cubic enclosure heated from the side,using six electrical controlled heaters, at constant temperatures of (60, 70, 80, 90, and 100oC). The inverse side cooled at a constant temperature of (24oC) using an aluminum heat exchanger, consisted of 15 channels feeded with constant temperature water. Eighty thermocouples were used to control t

Pushover analysis is an efficient method for the seismic evaluation of buildings under severe earthquakes. This paper aims to develop and verify the pushover analysis methodology for reinforced concrete frames. This technique depends on a nonlinear representation of the structure by using SAP2000 software. The properties of plastic hinges will be defined by generating the moment-curvature analysis for all the frame sections (beams and columns). The verification of the technique above was compared with the previous study for two-dimensional frames (4-and 7-story frames). The former study leaned on automatic identification of positive and negative moments, where the concrete sections and steel reinforcement quantities the

The present study focused mainly on the analysis of stiffened and unstiffened composite laminated plates subjected to buckling load. Analytical, numerical and experimental analysis for different cases has been considered. The experimental investigation is to manufacture the laminates and to find mechanical properties of glass-polyester such as longitudinal, transverse young modulus, shear modulus. The compressive test was carried to find the critical buckling load of plate. The design parameters of the laminates such as aspect ratio, thickness ratio, boundary conditions and number of stiffeners were investigated using high order shear deformation theory (HOST) and Finite element coded by ANSYS .The main conclusion was the buckling load c

This research aims to evaluate the factors affecting building rehabilitation cost management using the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) model. A literature review, case studies, consultations with experts, and questionnaires were used to identify and categorize fifty-seven factors into six categories. The proposed model has considered twenty factors out of the fifty-seven. The main factor with the highest weight in building rehabilitation cost management in Iraq is the building characteristics, with a weight of 0.298. Design and bill of quantities issues follow this with a weight of 0.204. The next factor is project management Issues with a weight of 0.185. Planning and contract management factors come next with

Asphaltenes' solubility in crude oils is frequently affected by temperature, pressure, and oil composition changes. This could lead to the precipitation and deposition of asphaltene in various parts of the total production system, which would cause a significant economic impact. Predicting the conditions of asphaltene precipitation will be very useful in two cases. In the first case, without the problem, it will be useful in specifying the optimum operating conditions of oil production operations. In the second case, with the problem occurring, the prediction model will be useful in knowing the deposition areas and their sizes. This study is an extension of the first part, in which the advanced versions of Peng-Robinson

In this study, the turbulent buoyancy driven fluid flow and heat transfer in a differentially heated rectangular enclosure filled with water is quantified numerically. The two dimensional governing differential equations are discretized using the finite volume method. SIMPLE algorithm is employed to obtain stabilized solution for high Rayleigh numbers by a computational code written in FORTRAN language. A parametric study is undertaken and the effect of Rayleigh numbers (1010 to 1014), the aspect ratio (30, 40 and 50), and the tilt angle (10o to 170o ) on fluid flow and heat transfer are investigated. The results of the adopted model in the present work is compared with previously published results and a qualitative agreement and a good

The object of this work is to model and simulate a fluidized bed desulfurization reactor by coupling a reactor kinetic model with a fluidized bed model based on two –phase theory(bubbling-bed model) proposed by Kunni and Levenspiel(1968).This model is useful for analysis of a reaction involving gas and solid. It generates the conversion data with respect to reaction time of both reacting gas and solids in a continuous flow(for both gas and solids) in fluidized bed. The flue gas or stack gas from a combustor which normally contains sulfur dioxide mixed with excess air is used as the fluidizing gas with calcium oxide as the fluidized solids . Calcium oxide is quite capable of reacting with 2 SO to effect its removal from the gas phase ac

Aluminum-Silicon alloys, with soft lubricant metal, are considered to be one of the important tribological alloys which resist seizure. The effect of different lead percentages (1-20%Pb) that added to the modified eutectic Al-12%Si alloy on the wear rate and resistance was studied by sliding these alloys under dry sliding conditions on a carbon steel disc at different sliding distances (2.24-40.37 km). The results showed that the wear rate was decreased and wear resistance increased with increasing lead percentage of Al-12%Si alloy. Furthermore, wear rate was increased linearly with increasing sliding distance.

Gypseous soil is classified as problematic soil, characterised by its characterized by complicated and erratic behavior, and is mostly found in arid and semi-arid areas of the globe. As for Iraq. Gypseous soils cover about 30-35% of the total area of Iraq, as this type of soil is found in the Western Desert and extends to the southern parts of the country. Gypseous soils are considered strong but susceptible to sudden collapse when wet. To control the collapse of gypsum soils, Geotextiles are among the most popular kind of geosynthetic material used for soil reinforcement. The goal of this study is to determine whether woven geotextiles can improve the ultimate bearing capacity of foundations constructed on gypsum soil.

Hydrological studies have become more important in recent years to estimate flow discharges in the valleys. The study area of Al-Ghadaf Valley was chosen due to the absence of surface runoff information for this valley. This research studied the watershed of Al-Ghadaf (GW) by using the SWAT model. It wasn’t possible to perform calibration and verification for the model due to the absence of actual discharges in the Al-Ghadaf valley. The area of the catchment was 8567.25  and the weather data used in this model was for three actual stations, Rutba, Ramadi, and Al-Nukhaib, for 13 years from 2009 to 2022. I wasn’t able to choose a period larger than 13 years because some of them are missing. Despite this, one of the f

Water quality planning relies on Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD. BOD testing takes five days. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is increasingly used for water resource forecasting. This work designed a PSO technique for estimating everyday BOD at Al-Rustumiya wastewater treatment facility inlet. Al-Rustumiya wastewater treatment plant provided 702 plant-scale data sets during 2012-2022. The PSO model uses the daily data of the water quality parameters, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), chloride (Cl^-), suspended solid (SS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and pH, to determine how each variable affects the daily incoming BOD. PSO and multiple linear regression (MLR) findings are compared, and their perfor

In most manufacturing processes, and in spite of statistical control, several process capability indices refer to non conformance of the true mean (µc ) from the target mean ( µT ), and the variation is also high. In this paper, data have been analyzed and studied for a blow molded plastic product (Zahi Bottle) (ZB). WinQSB software was used to facilitate the statistical process control, and process capability analysis and some of capability indices. The relationship between different process capability indices and the true mean of the process were represented, and then with the standard deviation (σ ), of achievement of process capability value that can reduce the standard deviation value and improve production out of theoretical con

In this paper the boundary elements method is used as numerical techniques for solving elastomeric materials (rubber or rubber-like materials) under small and large strains analysis. Under small deformations, the formulations are based on assuming that the elastomer is linear elastic isotropic incompressible solid. While for the large deformation, the formulation is based on decomposing the 1st Piola-Kirchhoff stresses into linear and nonlinear parts. Thereafter, the final derived equations are composed of both boundary integral and non-linear domain integrals. The non-linear analyses were performed using an incremental procedure with an iterative algorithm.
Solving some numerical examples and comparing the results with that obtained

The qualities of both fresh and hardened perlite self-compacting concrete are assessed in this study. The self-compacting concrete mix utilized in this investigation included 594 kg/m³ of binder. Four concrete mixes were tested with perlite used in place of some of the coarse aggregate at volumetric ratios of (0, 20, 40, and 50) %. Slump flow, V-funnel, L-Box, and segregation index tests were used to evaluate the properties of fresh concrete. At 56 days after burning, hardened concrete is tested. These tests gauge a material's flexural, splitting, and compressive strengths. According to the data perlite content reduces workability. The percentage of perlite increases causes a considerable decrease in the com

Construction is a complicated process that takes place in an almost uncontrollable environment. Although projects can be carefully planned in advance in principle, there is a chance that unforeseen events and crises can disrupt these plans, affecting project development. Because the initial investment expenditures in construction projects are so large, they may be quickly influenced by crises, resulting in significant financial losses. The 2014 financial crisis was one of the most prominent crises that Iraq faced, which significantly impacted various activities in general and the construction industry in particular. Despite the importance of crisis management systems, the researchers found a great lack of local studies l

This research will cover different aspects of estimating process of construction work in a desert area. The inherent difficulties which accompany the cost estimating of the construction works in desert environment in a developing country, will stem from the limited information available, resources scarcity, low level of skilled workers, the prevailing severe weather conditions and many others, which definitely don't provide a fair, reliable and accurate estimation. This study tries to present unit price to estimate the cost in preliminary phase of a project.  Estimations are supported by developing mathematical equations based on the historical data of maintenance, new construction of managerial and school projects.

In this paper, researchers have employed various methods and experimental ways to investigate the behavior of the soil-anchors system under the influence of varying load conditions. Also to focus on studying this system with improving the soil under loading with the anchor as a system. Therefore, the effect of soil geogrid improves the vertical anchor plates performance, and the test results show that the size, location, height, position, water content of the improved mass, and the variation of pullout load angle (0,25.45.60,90) degrees affect the resistance of the vertical anchor plate. But the improving the soil-anchors system with compaction the soil surrounding the anchor, adding the cement to soil, and improving wit

This study provides a comprehensive overview of the characteristics of nano-silica and nano-clay and their impact on preventing dissolved salt of gypseous soil containing high gypsum of 80.4% during the leaching process. The investigation evaluates the impact of several proportions (1, 3, and 5%) on the behavior of gypseous soil. The leaching test was performed using a physical model with a steel box (70×70×70) cm. During this leaching stress, settlement due to the leaching process, and total dissolved salts were measured. Also, after the end of the test, the remaining concentration of gypsum salt in the soil was measured. Nanomaterials exert a beneficial influence in reducing soil leaching settlement, especially for s

In this paper, thermal performance of a zig-zig solar air heater (ZZSAH) with and without using steel wire mesh on the absorber plate of the collector is experimentally investigated. The experimental work includes four inclination angles of the collector 20^o, 30^o, 45^o, and 60^o and four air mass flow rates of 0.03, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08 kg/s under varieties of operating conditions of a geographic location of  Baghdad. New correlation equations of Nusselt number are obtained from experimental results for both types of collectors where the effect of varying of the inclination angle of collector taken into consideration in the experiment. The correlations show good agreement wi

This paper presents a study to assess the degree of personal exposure to traffic generated pollutant emission along urban arterials in Mosul. The traffic flow characteristics (volume, speed, density, and vehicle type) were determined in the field at selected locations on the arterials.The vehicular traffic which includes (drivers, number of passengers in vehicles on the road, and pedestrian) exposed to road generated emissions were obtained through field survey.The vehicle emissions of CO, VOC, and NOx were calculated using air pollution estimation computer model (Mobile 4.1). It was concluded that the emission of CO, VOC, and NOx exceeds the standard
level requirements. The risk arising from personal exposure to traffic generated em