In this study; a three-dimensional model was created to simulate groundwater in Al-Haydariyah area of the governorate of Al-Najaf. A solid model was created to utilize the cross sections of 25 boreholes in the research region, and it was made out of two layers: sand and clay. The steady-state calibration was employed in six observation wells to calibrate the model and establish the hydraulic conductivity, which was 17.49 m/d for sand and 1.042 m/d for clay, with a recharge rate of 0.00007 m/day. The wells in the research region were reallocated with a distance of 1500 m between each well, resulting in 140 wells evenly distributed throughout the study area and with a discharge of 5 l/s, and the scenarios were run for 1000

In most manufacturing processes, and in spite of statistical control, several process capability indices refer to non conformance of the true mean (µc ) from the target mean ( µT ), and the variation is also high. In this paper, data have been analyzed and studied for a blow molded plastic product (Zahi Bottle) (ZB). WinQSB software was used to facilitate the statistical process control, and process capability analysis and some of capability indices. The relationship between different process capability indices and the true mean of the process were represented, and then with the standard deviation (σ ), of achievement of process capability value that can reduce the standard deviation value and improve production out of theoretical con

This paper presents an experimental study of cooling photovoltaic (PV) panels using evaporative cooling. Underground (geothermal energy) water used to extract heat from it during cooling and cleaning of PV panels. An experimental test rig was constructed and tested under hot and dusty climate conditions in Baghdad. An active cooling system was used with auxiliary an underground water tank to provide cold water as a coolant over both PV surfaces to reduce its temperature. The cellulose pad has been arranged on the back surface and sprays cooling on the front side. Two identical PV panels modules used: without cooling and evaporative water cooling. The experiments are comprised of four cases: Case (I): backside cooling, Ca

Physical Layer Key Generation (PLKG) provides a promising approach for establishing secure cryptographic keys between legitimate parties. However, in static and quasi-static environments, the key generation rate is significantly limited due to the low entropy of the wireless channel. To overcome this, Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) have been proposed to enhance the channel entropy by altering the phase of incident electromagnetic waves. This paper addresses this challenge by proposing a security architecture that integrates a Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) base station with a Beyond-Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (BD-RIS) in multi-user scenarios, in the presence of an eavesdropper. Unlike convent

Reservoir quality assessment is important for detecting hydrocarbon-bearing zones and guiding future enhancement strategies. This study presents a detailed petrophysical evaluation of the Mishrif Formation in the Buzurgan Oilfield, which was selected due to its strategic value through its significant remaining reserves which making it an ideal candidate for advanced evaluation techniques. This study aims for shale content, porosity, permeability, water saturation, net to gross, and lithology determination. Well log and core data were used together to establish accurate property estimations. Permeability prediction through conventional methods, like core permeability-porosity correlations, was highly dispersive due to the

It is well known that drilling challenges, in addition to fluctuating oil prices and increasing competition for production, can contribute to unscheduled field expenditures exceeding one billion U.S. dollars annually. This study emphasizes the importance of integrating geomechanical principles into petroleum engineering, which includes reservoir, drilling, and production operations. A case study was conducted on one well in Rumaila oilfield, located in southern Iraq, to determine the geomechanical properties of carbonate, sandstone, and shale formations. Stress regimes, elastic, and rock strength properties were analyzed. The results showed the stress regime is a strike-slip regime from the Sadi to Zubair formations. The

Thermal comfort in university outdoor spaces is a fundamental requirement for creating a sustainable environment that supports student activities and events, and it is linked to the physical characteristics of the campus. The research problem emerged from a knowledge gap regarding the impact of urban formation on achieving thermal comfort in these spaces. The research assumes that specific urban formation indicators effectively influence users' perceptions of thermal comfort. It aims to analyze the impact of these indicators on improving thermal comfort within the university environment, with a focus on identifying the most effective in achieving thermal balance. A comparative analytical methodology was adopted that incl

This study evaluates the hydraulic performance of Baghdad's water supply network by analysing pressure heads and velocities. In this work, Water-CAD hydraulic models integrated with QGIS were utilized.  The districts 821 and 835 were selected in partnership with Al-Rashid Municipality Water Department, two districts fed from a single source, with the construction period of the two networks differing. They were calibrated in Darwin calibration using field-measured pressure at five and three locations, respectively, achieving coefficient of determination (R²) = 0.99. In District 821, pressure analysis during peak demand revealed that most junctions operated under 7 m H₂O, with 14% exhibiting negative pressure and 84% b

The discarded construction waste materials can be re-used as a new source of aggregate. These wastes, such as clay bricks, can be managed by recycling them into new construction materials after being collected, dried, crushed, and ground for use in concrete production. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of using recycled brick waste as sand to produce sustainable reactive-powder-concrete (R-P-C), and to assess the influence of various curing techniques on its mechanical strength. In this study, two sustainable R-P-C mixtures (BM15 and BM30) were prepared, containing 15% and 30% brick waste as sand (BS), as a volume replacement for Sika sand in the reference mixture (RM). The mixtures were cured under three cu

Given the pivotal role that roads play in a nation's development, their construction often entails significant risks and challenges. Therefore, road construction projects must be successfully implemented. Numerous studies have been conducted to discover the key factors affecting road construction projects and their improvement. The aim of this study was to examine and pre-determine the factors affecting the success of road construction. Data was collected from experts in the field of road management to identify the factors influencing road construction projects in Iraq. Data was also used from interviews with road construction project managers. After analyzing this data, the study concluded that there are several externa

ظهر مفهوم التآزر الحضري كرد فعل لما تواجه مراكز المدن الحضرية في ظل التطور الحضري السريع والتحديات المعاصرة والتغيرات المستمرة للمدن من أهمها، إفتقاد مراكزها الحضرية لمعالمها المحددة التي كانت تضفي عليها المعنى الخاص بها كعنصر عمراني حيوي وعلاقة المفهوم بصناعة المكان.  وبذلك تحددت مشكلة البحث بنقص المعرفة حول التنوع الوظيفي للتآزر الحضري وعلاقته بصناعة المكان الابداعي في المراكز الحضرية وفق رؤية معاصرة

This study presents a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-based scheme for optimal targeted load shedding and contingency severity assessment in the electric power grid (EPG). The IEEE 14 EPG was used as a testbed. The study identified critical branches and quantitatively evaluated the operational performance of an EPG under base case, outage without and with targeted load shedding schemes, utilizing convergence characteristics, voltage magnitudes and angles, and branch load flows as diagnostic metrics. The base case demonstrated excellent numerical stability, with convergence achieved in fewer than 5 iterations, and all bus voltages maintained within the IEEE standard range. A critical outage scenario caused severe diffic

In this work, a vertical pulsating heat pipe heat exchanger (PHPHE)  was designed for waste heat recovery, exchanging thermal energy between two air streams in a counterflow configuration. The heat exchanger consists of six rows, each row consists of one pulsating heat pipe (PHP), and each PHP has six turns. The working fluid used in the heat pipe was acetone with fill ratios of 50%, 60%, and 70%. The effect of evaporator inlet temperature at 40, 45, and 50°C and air velocity at 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 m/s on the pulsating heat pipes consisting of three sections- evaporator, condenser, and adiabatic, whose dimensions were 25 x 25 x 10 cm, was studied. At the same time, the condenser temperature was maintained at 26°C. The s

Solar energy is considered a sustainable and clean source of power. Even so, solar cells face challenges such as the low efficiency of some systems and the need for large installation areas. Therefore, efforts have been directed toward developing technologies like perovskite solar cells to improve efficiency and reduce the need for large spaces. The experimental work was conducted under outdoor exposure in Baghdad, Al-Jaderia. The readings were taken on selected days, where the atmospheric conditions of clear sky. To study the impacts of temperature variations on solar performance, solar irradiance must be kept constant and vice versa. Therefore, to have a temperature range and for more accuracy, the measurements were do

The quality of drinking water is considered among the most urgent issues worldwide nowadays. Ensuring safe water for human consumption remains the highest priority, while challenges also persist in meeting the water quality needs for industrial and agricultural uses. Most of the relevant studies lack accuracy in assessing water quality. Therefore, this study aims to forecast the quality of drinking water along the Tigris River in Iraq following a new approach. A developed forecasting model that utilizes the gravitational search algorithm (GSA) was deployed. The heuristic optimization tool was utilized for the prediction of the water quality index (WQI) in the research area. Out of twelve water stations, 575 samples

ZSM-5 zeolite was synthesis under hydrothermal conditions at 175^oC. The synthesis parameters have been investigated to find optimum synthesis method. Firstly, the crystallization time has been investigated to find the optimum crystallization time. Also, the ageing time was studied. The morphology, structure, and composition of the synthesized ZSM-5 zeolite were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), pH meter, viscometer, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The bulk Si/Al ratio of ZSM-5 zeolite was in the range of 9.5—11.7. The synthesized ZSM-5 zeolite with appropriate ageing time could adjust crystal size and degree of the crystallinity. The crystal size of ZSM-5 zeolite obtained at an agei

As human societies grow, the problem of waste management becomes one of the pressing issues that need to be addressed. Recycling and reuse of waste are effective waste management measures that prevent pollution and conserve natural resources. In this study, the possibility of using glass waste as an alternative was used as a partial weight substitute for fine aggregates with replacement ratios of 10, 20, 30, and 40% by the weight, and formed into test models (15 cm * 15 cm ) cube and (15 cm * 30 cm) cylinder, then matured and tested their strength compression and tensile strength at the age of 7 and 28 days and compared with a reference or conventional concrete with a mixing ratio (1: 1.5: 3) as well as testing its worka

The parameters of resistance spot welding (RSW) performed on low strength commercial aluminum sheets are investigated experimentally, the performance requirements and weldability issues were driven the choice of a specific aluminum alloy that was AA1050. RSW aluminum alloys has a major problem of inconsistent quality from weld to weld comparing with welding steel
alloys sheet, due to the higher thermal conductivity, higher thermal expansion, narrow plastic temperature range, and lower electrical resistivity. Much effort has been devoted to the study of describing the relation between the parameters of the process (welding current, welding time, and electrode force) and weld strength. Shear-tensile strength tests were performed to ind

Numerical study is adapted to combine between piezoelectric fan as a turbulent air flow generator and perforated finned heat sinks. A single piezoelectric fan with different tip amplitudes placed eccentrically at the duct entrance. The problem of solid and perforated finned heat sinks is solved and analyzed numerically by using Ansys 17.2 fluent, and solving three dimensional energy and Navier–Stokes equations that set with RNG based k−ε scalable wall function turbulent model. Finite volume algorithm is used to solve both phases of solid and fluid. Calculations are done for three values of piezoelectric fan amplitudes 25 mm, 30 mm, and 40 mm, respectively. Results of this numerical study are compared with previous b

A large amount of thermal energy is generated from burning hazardous chemical wastes, and the temperature of the flue gases in hazardous waste incinerators reaches up to (1200 °C). The flue gases are cooled to (40°C) and are treated before emission. This thermal energy can be utilized to produce electrical power by designing a system suitable for dangerous flue gases in the future depending on the results of much research about using a proto-type small steam power plant that uses safe fuel to study and develop the electricity generation process with water tube boiler which is manufactured experimentally with theoretical development for some of its parts which are inefficient in experimental work. The studied system gen

هذه الرسالة هي دراسة للمتغيرات الاجتماعية الخاصة بالعائلة العراقية والمتغيرات المرتبطة بما يحصل في المجتمع واثرهما على انواع التغيرات
التصميمية الحاصلة للدور السكنية بعد انشائها. اذ يكون البحث معالجا لمشكلة عدم وضوح المعرفة الدقيقة عن نوع العلاقة بين الظواهر الاجتماعية من
جهة وظواهر التغير والتحوير الحاصلة على الدور السكنية المنشأة، عند إشغالها من قبل الأسرة وذلك في العراق عموما وبغداد على وجه الخصو

Moisture damage is described as a reduction in stiffness and strength durability in asphalt mixtures due to moisture. This study investigated the influence of adding nano silica (NS) to the Asphalt on the moisture susceptibility of hot-mix-asphalt (HMA) mixtures under different aging conditions. NS was mixed with asphalt binder at concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 6% by weight of the binder. To detect the microstructure changes of modified Asphalt and estimate the dispersion of NS within the Asphalt, the field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) was used. To examine the performance of Asphalt mixed with NS at different aging stages (short-term and long-term aging), asphalt mixture tests such as Marshall stability,

The slurry infiltrated fiber concrete (SIFCON) is nowadays considered a special type of high fiber content concrete; it is high strength and high performance material. This paper investigates the effect of spread steel fiber into the slurry mortar on some properties of SIFCON. According to fiber distribution, two sets were used in this investigation. The first set consisted of randomly distributing fibers inside the slurry. The second set was by placing the fibers in an orderly manner inside the slurry. Crimped steel fibers with an aspect ratio of (60) were used. Two different volume fractions percentage of (7% and 9%) by volume of mold were used in both sets for this study. Also, a w/c ratio of (0.35) and superplasticiz

This study was done to investigate the impact of different nanoparticles on diesel fuel characteristics, Iraqi diesel fuel was supplied from al-Dura refinery and was treated to enhance performance by improving its characteristics. Two types of nanoparticles were mixed with Iraqi diesel fuel at various weight fractions of 30, 60, 90, and 120 ppm. The diesel engine was tested and run at a constant speed of 1600 rpm to examine and evaluate the engine's performance and determine emissions. In general, ZnO additives' performance analysis showed they are more efficient for diesel fuel engines than CeO. The performance of engine diesel fuel tests showed that the weight fraction of nanoparticles at 90 and 120 ppm give a similar

Interface bonding between asphalt layers has been a topic of international investigation over the last thirty years. In this condition, a number of researchers have made their own techniques and used them to examine the characteristics of pavement interfaces. It is obvious that test findings won't always be comparable to the lack of a globally standard methodology for interface bonding. Also, several kinds of research have shown that factors like temperature, loading conditions, materials, and others have an impact on surface qualities. This study aims to solve this problem by thoroughly investigating interface bond testing that might serve as a basis for a uniform strategy. First, a general explanation of how

Solar tracking systems used are to increase the efficiency of the solar cells have attracted the attention of
researchers recently due to the fact that the attention has been directed to the renewable energy sources. Solar tracking systems are of two types, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and sun path tracking. Both types are studied briefly in this paper and a simple low cost sun path tracking system is designed using simple commercially available component. Measurements have been made for comparison between fixed and tracking system. The results have shown that the tracking system is effective in the sense of relatively high output power increase and low cost.

This research utilized natural asphalt (NA) deposits from sulfur springs in western Iraq. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of an asphalt mixture incorporating NA and verify its suitability for local pavement applications. To achieve this, a combination of two types of NA, namely soft SNA and hard HNA, was blended to create a binder known as Type HSNA. The resulting HSNA exhibited a penetration grade that adhered to Iraqi specifications. Various percentages of NA (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) were added to petroleum asphalt. The findings revealed enhanced physical properties of HSNA, which also satisfied the requirements outlined in the Iraqi specifications for asphalt cement.

Consequently, HS

The influence of adding metal foam fins on the heat transfer characteristics of an air to water double pipe heat exchanger is numerically investigated. The hot fluid is water which flows in the inner cylinder whereas the cold fluid is air which circulates in the annular gap in parallel flow with water. Ten fins of metal foam (Porosity = 0.93), are added in the gap between the two cylinder, and distributed periodically with the axial distance. Finite volume method is used to solve the governing equations in porous and non-porous regions. The numerical investigations cover three values for Reynolds number (1000 ,1500, 2000), and Darcy number (1 x10^-1, 1 x10^-2, 1x10^-3). The comparison betwee

Flexible pavements are considered an essential element of transportation infrastructure. So, evaluations of flexible pavement performance are necessary for the proper management of transportation infrastructure. Pavement condition index (PCI) and international roughness index (IRI) are common indices applied to evaluate pavement surface conditions. However, the pavement condition surveys to calculate PCI are costly and time-consuming as compared to IRI. This article focuses on developing regression models that predict PCI from IRI. Eighty-three flexible pavement sections, with section length equal to 250 m, were selected in Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq, to develop PCI-IRI relationships. In terms of the quantity and severity of eac

Test results of six half-scale reinforced concrete flat plates connections with an opening in the vicinity of the column are reported. The test specimens represent a portion of a slab bounded by the lines of contraflexure around the column. The tests were designed to study the effect of openings on the punching shear behavior of the slab-column connections. The test parameters were the location and the size of the openings. One specimen had no opening and the remaining five had various arrangements of openings around the column. All specimens were cast with normal density concrete of approximately 30 MPa compressive strength. The openings in the specimens were square, with the sides parallel to the sides of the column. Three sizes of ope