This paper reports the conversion of a large unsignalised roundabout (HURIYA SQUARI!) relatively close to the University of Baghdad campus to a signalized intersection. The study focused on reduction of vehicle delay and queue length at this  intersection area. During the course of this research project, two software packages for the analysis and design of isolated intersection, SIDRA (Akcelik, R.1986 and 1991) and HCS (Transportation Research Board, National Research Council 1994) were available. A trial site selected and the observed dara used in the evaluation of the SIDRA and HCS outputs. The evaluation process indicated that SIDRA produce vehicle delay, which is reasonably consistent with the observed vehicle dela

Expanded bed behavior was modeled by using the Richardson-Zaki correlation between the superficial velocity of the feed stream and the void fraction of the bed at moderate Reynolds number. The terminal velocity expression was developed by introducing two empirical parameters, the effective diameter of the particles and an exponent for the    p l l l     2  term. The Richardson-Zaki exponent constant (n) was found to vary with the density ratio   p l l    and diameter ratio d D p . It was noted that when the density ratio   p l l    is less than one, there is no dense phase at the bottom of the test section. However, for density ratio   p l l    greater than

Knapsack problems are a class of common but difficult (NP-complete or NP -hard) problems. Since, it is believed that no knapsack problem algorithm can be constructed whose computation time optimality increases as any polynomial function of the problem size. There is a variety of knapsack-type problems in which a set of entities, together with their values (profits) and sizes, is given, and it is desired to select one or more disjoint subsets so that the total of the sizes in each subset does not exceed given bounds and the total of the selected values is maximized. Diploid representation and dominance operator are advanced operators that attempt to improve upon the power of traditional genetic algorithms. Pseudo Meiosis Genetic Algorithm

The aim of the present work is the adsorption of the furfural onto activated carbon where Langmuir and Freundlich equation were used to determine the adsorption isotherm in the batch experiment Continuous adsorption experiments of fixed-bed were carried out to study the effects of flow rate. bed depth, initial furfural concentration, carbon particle size to determine breakpoint time and adsorption capacity

A study has been done for finding the optimum separators pressures of degassing stations. The

optimum operation pressures are determined by employing Constrained Rosenbrock (1966) method using the maximum API. minimum GOR and minimum B, as objective fumetions and separators pressures as the decision variables. The optumizatien of separators pressures requires equilibriom ash dculation under difterent conditions of pressures and temperatures to determine the conditions than will sied the most stoek tunk lisquid Fquilibriam flash caléulation is achieved by solving the equation of state In the carreni study. Sonve – Redlich – Kwong (1972) and Peng Robinson (1976) have neen used with the phick and volatile oils respectively. Tw

In this paper, Optimal Brain Surgeon (OBS) pruning algorithm is proposed to optimize network architecture with respect to testing patterns error and overcoming the overlitting problem. Turning process is used as case study to improve the performance of the neural network-surface roughness model. Using the proposed algorithm reduced the prediction error on testing patterns from 0.6237 to 0.2854 based on the absolute percent error estimate. Also, a noticeable improvement is made in correlation coefficient from 0.8656 to 0.9807 making the network more reliable for new operating conditions.

One of the main purposes of this study is to understande the reason of determining the standared of the parameters for overlap spot welding test, which is based on the thickness and overlap distances. The overlap joint is the most convential joining for the spot and riveting joint. The analysis of riveted and welded connection involves so many indeterminate factors that an exact solution is impossible. Nevertheless, by making certain simplifying assumption The most significant of these assumptions is that when the applied load passes through the centroid of the spotted region and the rotation angle will be small. By using the classical fracture theory, Misses and bending beam theory. The result which explain the behavior of the junction

Profiling is one of the important problems in mechanical engineering and industry because of its large applications in the field of cutting tool. Most papers and researches deal with the problem of profiling of involute profile. The problem of direct profile design consists in determination of profile tool if profile of gear is defined. This paper deal with problem of determination non-involute profile for helical surface in which profile of tool is defines and this problem called the reverse profile problem There are very large applications of this problem in cutting tool, for example cutting of helical surface (flutes) of twist drill with disc (wheel) tool and generating of helical surface for hops with disc (wheel) tool. To solve this

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The study presents the test results of stabilizing gypseous soil embankment obtained from
Al- Faluja university Campus at Al-Ramady province. The laboratory investigation was divided
into three phases, The physical and chemical properties, the optimum liquid asphalt (emulsion)
requirements (which are manufactured in Iraq) were determined by using one dimensional
unconfined compression strength test.in the first phase , The optimum fluid content was 11%
(6% of emulsion with 5% water content).. At phase two, the effect of Aeration technique was
investigated using both direct shear and permeability test. At phase three for the case of static
load , the pure soil embankment model under dry test condition was investigated

In this paper, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is applied to predict the soil stress within a soil mass for a variety of depths and displacements under applied loading. The neural network model is created and applied for two cases, point load, and Uniform rectangular load.
Theses two cases were selected among many other cases of loading as a representation of the capabilities of ANN in finding proper solutions. The first case needs one input to get one output, where in the second case we need two inputs, to get one output only.
Results revealed that function approximation using neural network can be applied easily and can give accurate results by choosing the appropriate learning algorithm, number of layers, and number of neuron

Trickle irrigation is one of the most conservative irrigation techniques since it implies supplying water directly on the soil through emitters. Emitters dissipate energy of water at the end of the trickle irrigation system and provide water at emission points. The area wetted by an emitter depends upon the discharge of emitter, soil texture, initial soil water content, and soil permeability. The objectives of this research were to predict water distribution profiles through different soils for different conditions and quantify the distribution profiles in terms of main characteristics of soil and emitter. The wetting patterns were simulated at the end of each hour for a total time of application of 12 hrs, emitter disch

The effect of refrigerant injection techniques on the performance of heat pump system based on exergy analysis was studied theoretically. Three refrigerant injection techniques were used; the first was achieved by injected vapour in volume ratios from 1 to 7% in the accumulator. The second was injection liquid refrigerant in the discharge line with the aid of Liquid Pressure Amplification (LPA) pump, with volume ratios from 1 to 10%. The third was a hybrid injection with volume ratios of injected vapour and liquid varied from 1 to 3% and 1 to 10%; respectively. The following improvements in cycle performance were observed. For vapour injection technique, the best ratio of injection was 5%, the exergy destruction reduced

The present investigation aims to study the effect of heat treatment by quenching in different quenching media (salt water, water and oil) following by tempering on wear resistance of EN25 steel. EN25 steel is an alloy of medium carbon low alloy steel which is used for many applications requiring high tensile strength and wear resistance such as connecting rods, adapters and in power sectors extensively. The specimens are machined to 20 mm in length and 10 mm in diameter. This study is done by two stages: The first stage is done by austenitizing EN25 steel to 850  for 1 hr by quenching the specimens in three different quenching media and then tempered at 300   in air. While the second stage is performed by wear

The mathematical model of the tapered struts subjected to axial load is solved to obtain the modified stability functions due to shear effect as well as bending effects. The stability functions are derived for a wide range of non-prismatic struts then compared in graphical curves with stability functions excluding shear effects. The stability functions for non-prismatic members under compressive and tensile axial loads are developed for the purpose of expressing both effects of bending and shear in a beamcolumn stiffness at any value of axial force under the buckling limit

Multilateral wells require a sophisticated type of well model to be applied in reservoir simulators to represent them. The model must be able to determine the flow rate of each fluid and the pressure throughout the well. The production rate calculations are very important because they give an indication about some main issues associated with multi-lateral wells such as one branch may produce water or gas before others, no production rate from one branch, and selecting the best location of a new branch for development process easily.                                &nbsp

Health and environmental factors as well as operational difficulties are major challenges facing the development of an anaerobic digestion process. Some of these problems relate to the use of sludge collected from primary and secondary clarifier units in wastewater treatment plants for laboratory purposes.

The present study addresses the preparation of sludge for laboratory purposes by using a mixture that consists of the digested sludge, which is less pathogenic, compared to the collected sludge from the primary or secondary clarifier, and food wastes. The sludge has been tested experimentally for 19 and 32 days under mesophilic conditions. The results show a steady methane production rate from the anaerobic dig

The estimation of recharge to ground water is the important basics to improve the use of ground water with other available resources, and to save ground water resource from depletion, especially when using large quantity of ground water during a long time such as for agricultural purposes. Al-Wand River Basin in Iraq suffers from water shortage of its requirement of Blajo–Al-Wand Project, and to cover this shortage, the ground water plays a good role to overcome this problem. In this study, three methods were used to estimate the recharge and ground water storage for Al-Wand Basin, these methods are: Water Table Fluctuation (WTF), Water Balance of Climatic for Basin, and Water Table Balance for Basin. The results showe

 procedure is presented to calculate an equivalent diameter for soil grains to be used to calculate the specific surface of the soil. The typical grain size distribution curve is expressed as a normal probability distribution cumulative curve and the frequency corresponding to the equivalent diameter is accordingly found. This frequency is adopted as the percent finer corresponding to the equivalent diameter. A relation is given for the calculation of the specific surface using the equivalent diameter. Grain size distribution curves of many soil samples are collected. A value for the specific surface of each soil is determined summing the surface area of subintervals in the distribution curve. The values of specific surface obtained

Supersonic gas jets in confined liquid metal atomizing nozzle were studied by using the method of characteristics. Nitrogen at operation (stagnation) pressure of (1.65Mpa) was used in the study, with three different values of ambient pressure (1.25, 1.52 and 1.75 bar). For all the three values, the nozzle is over expanded. The Mach number at the nozzle exit for all the investigated cases was (2.64). The pressure and Mach number of the atomizing gas at various lattice points downstream of the nozzle exit were found. Besides, the effect of heat transfer from the liquid metal (aluminum) on the gas flow behavior was also investigated, The results showed that the stagnation temperature rise of nitrogen caused by heat transferred from aluminum

This work covers the investigation of the effects of space environments factors on spacecraft structure. The satellite operates on a low earth orbit at circular (500,500) km, and subjected to different torques in space environments.The purpose of this paper is to develop the satellite structure design and test it to obtain the mechanical behaviour of structure. The satellite used so far is spin - stabilized, and rotating about one axis in 3 rpm. A configuration to the structure is suggested to be hexagonal; the dimension of structure is 110cm in diameter and 85cm high. The general static and dynamics tested of the system are verified, and analyzed to find the stress,strain, and vibration on the structure.

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the various parameters affecting the production of oxalic acid by the action of concentrated nitric acid on carbohydrates. Two feedstocks were studied, viz., dates fruit and dates syrup. The study also covered the effect of the amount of nitric acid and catalyst used in addition to employing two acid concentrations (67 wt.% and 98 wt.% acid). The results showed that when using 67 wt.% nitric acid, dates syrup was best suited as a raw material. And the best amount of nitric acid and V₂O, catalyst were in the ratio of 150 mls: 25 mg per 50 g feedstock. When using 98 wt.% nitric acid, no catalyst was required for the reaction and the reaction proceeded violently with the evolu

A study concerns the dispersion of pollutants in Diyala River using one-dimensional Finite ditference technique (implicit method) to solve the simplified dispersion equation. The model starts at Diyala barrage and extended to the confluence of the Tigris Diyala rivers, and for 203-Km length. The simplified dispersion model results were verified by comparison with the analytical solution for different time increments. The calibration of the model was conducted on 31/11/1998 using measured data (discharge, velocity, cross sectional area, total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride CL and sulfate (SO)) concentrations at the same day and the results indicated a good agreement between the computed and measured data. The verification of the model i

The rapid advances in mobile communication systems. especially in Global Svstem communications (GSM), have led to a wide range of developments in design, simulation. controlling mechanism, management protocols, and performance analyzing techniques of such systems Several software simulator systems are designed and implemented in this work. The designed systems have simulated the real GSM cellular network with all related topics conceming the control on calling mechanism, mobility managements, and others. In this concern, simulators for the GSM Cellular Network, Mobile Station, Base Transceiver Station, Base Station Controller, and Mobile Switching Center are all designed and implemented in this work. Moreover, several Graphical User Inte

Now days: large and small manufacturing companies own several numerically controlled (NC) iathe machines. hey are finding that NC/CNC machines can make dramatic saving possible. Certain aspects of NC/CNC shop operations require a high skilled operator level than conventional method. So that the need to develop a computerized technology to support the adoption of these machines and get the maximum benefits that's offer is highly recommended. The present work aims to develop such system that stand over the most modern available technologies to support this task. The system database is used to organize the factory data. The database hold factory lathe machines delinition at current state tooling and the available tools and materials with th

in the modern field of heavy ion atomic physics, determined through Lorentz transformation [W. Greiner 1997]. At high energies one must investigate the relative wave equations. This means equations, which are invariant under Lorenz transformation. The Lorentz transformation is so important, that it needs, to be derived on a more logical basis. Many textbooks and research papers have derived Lorentz transformation by different postulates [Anderson, J.L. 1967][G. Nadean 1962][H.A. Atwater 1974], which are not treated electro-dynamically this paper exhibits a method of finding the Lorentz transformation by exploiting the Maxwell's famous equations of the electromagnetic field equations

The effect of fiber orientation angle of composite materials on the gear tooth root stresses is analytically investigated in order to select the required orientation of the fibers inside the gear tooth. which leads to improve the gear tooth strength. The effect of geometrical parameters (loaded or unloaded pressure angles, number of teeth, radius of fillet and profile correction) and type of fibers glass, graphite and boron) are also studied. A stress analysis using the finite element method is performed for reinforced gear subject to bending loads. The results indicate that there is an effect of the fiber orientation on the root stresses of the gear tooth, and also, there is a direct proportionality between the improving of the gear str

Presented in this paper is a new study of the damaging effect of the tank loads on flexible pavements. The equivalent load was developed on the basis of mechanistic - empirical approach. It was found that the damaging effect of the studied tank loads is 0.898 to 2.356 times the damaging effect of the standard 18 kips (80 kN) axle load. It was found that the damaging effect of tank braking forces is 2.375 times the damaging effect of tank weight only in terms of tensile stain (fatigue cracking). It was found that the damaging effect of tank turning maneuver is 1.216 times the damaging effect of tank weight only in terms of tensile stain (fatigue cracking). These loads have also severe damaging effects on the functional serviceability of t

The flexural vibration characteristics of rectangular plates with linearly varying thickness is examined. The fourth order differential equation is solved by using Lagrange multiplier method. The thickness of the plate varies linearly along x axis and this variation is taken to be symmetric with respect to the middle surface. Simplicity and quick convergence is the advantage of the method in comparison with other much more laborious numerical metods which require extensive computer facilities A power series is used as an admissible function for the displacement function

The technical development in scientific fields, has an effective influence in developing the possibilities of auditorium design, erection and performance. In the recent years, there was a great demand for flexible spaces, which could accommoder e different acting performance and would be economical too.

Therefore technical efforts and facilities can be great help in providing flexibility's in geometrical relations, space configuration, material treatment and surface finishes of multi purpose halls. This research emphasis the importance of technical possibilities in both mechanical and acoustical sides for providing flexibility's in acoustical performance in auditorium by:

1 Theoretical side discussing

a Technical