This paper presents a study to assess the degree of personal exposure to traffic generated pollutant emission along urban arterials in Mosul. The traffic flow characteristics (volume, speed, density, and vehicle type) were determined in the field at selected locations on the arterials.The vehicular traffic which includes (drivers, number of passengers in vehicles on the road, and pedestrian) exposed to road generated emissions were obtained through field survey.The vehicle emissions of CO, VOC, and NOx were calculated using air pollution estimation computer model (Mobile 4.1). It was concluded that the emission of CO, VOC, and NOx exceeds the standard
level requirements. The risk arising from personal exposure to traffic generated em

In present paper, the derivation of stiffness matrix for a general two dimensional curved element in the global coordinates system is presented. The derivation depends on the assumption that any curved in-plane element can be approximated by a specified curve in polar coordinates. The polar curve assumed in this polar depends on some variables that enable it to represent any two dimensional curved element. The derivation process accompanied by complex integrals which are evaluated by using (Gaussian Quadrature) method of numerical integration. One numerical example is presented to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the derived stiffness matrix. Very good agreement is obtained between the results of the derived stiffness matrix and the

In this paper, several sliding friction formulations used in spur gear dynamics are examined and compared in terms of the predictions of interfacial friction forces and off-line-of-action. Computing friction formulations include Coulomb models with time-varying friction coefficients and empirical expressions based on elasto - hydrodynamic and/or boundary lubrication regime principles. Predicted results compare well with friction force measurements and appeared completely conformed with specific objectives of this paper are established as follows: (1) propose an improved MDOF spur gear pair model with time-varying coefficient of' friction, µ(t), given realistic mesh stiffness profiles.(2) comparatively evaluate alternate sliding friction

Password security and protection are one of the important research topics in modem computer systems. Providing privacy, authenticity, integrity and limited access to data, encryption methods are proposed for password security schemes.This paper proposes the use of neural network accessing the system, the system needs other information extracted from the user's password along with the password itself, these information is passed to two different neural networks to examine the authenticity of the user, and then decide whether the user is a legal user or an intruder.The extracted information can be summarized by the time period between each two successive characters in the password and the strength of strike of the user when each character

This paper studies video conference system over low bit rate network. As a result of this study, some ideas are employed to transfer video and audio information through the dial up network with minimum jerky views, discontinuous voice and with a reasonable number of users. A video conference standard, which contains video standard and audio standard, is chosen to build a
developed Video Conference System that takes into consideration the monitoring of the network load, by using a special designed sensor, called Network Load Sensor. The NLS is built to sense the network load. Based on the test results, the video resolution and audio compression ratio vary continuously. The system is implemented using visual C++, with using of sockets

The fatigue damage is a dangerous and could be considered as the most unwanted failure in the materials that are used to construct the engineering components. As composites take an advanced position in the industry of aircraft, marine and many other high performance components, because of their high ability and their light weight and for their strength, this forces us to find the deformation and data to give a good expectation for the composite behavior under fatigue and other types of damage. In this study the material used is the glass fiber with a polyester resin; the experiment used a device to force the composite to be under a bending fatigue through specified deflection and then the force is measured. The results for different valu

A new method for generation and simulation of meshing for involute helical gears is presented. The
approaches proposed for generation are based on the imaginary application of two rack-cutters one
for pinion and the other for gear generation. The proposed simulation of meshing of aligned and
misaligned helical gears gives (i) the shift of the bearing contact (real contact path) on pinion and
gear tooth surfaces, (ii) the function of transmission errors.

This research was conducted using ceramic microfiltration membrane for treatment of oily wastewater in the pilot-scale dead-end filtration system designed in the laboratory under the influence of conditions of feed flow rate 15-35 l/h, feed temperature 32-48°C, oil feed concentration 300-1200 ppm, feed solution pH 2.6-9.8. The influence of these conditions on the permeate flux rate and oil rejection percent were investigated. Experimental results indicated that when feed flow rate increased to 35 l/h permeate flux
rates increased to 100 l/m2.h and oil rejection percent decreased to 70.1%, and when feed temperature
increased to 48 ºC permeate flux rate increased to 62 l/m2.h and oil rejection percent decreased to 56.44%.
But wh

The research aims to use a new technology for industrial water concentrating that contains poisonous metals and recovery quantities from pure water. Therefore, the technology investigated is the forward osmosis process (FO). It is a new process that use membranes available commercial and this process distinguishes by its low cost compared to other process. Sodium chloride (NaCl) was used as draw solution to extract water from poisonous metals solution. The driving force in the FO process is provided by a different in osmotic pressure (concentration) across the membrane between the draw and poisonous metals solution sides. Experimental work was divided into three parts. The first part includes operating the forward osmosis process using T

This work predicts the effect of thermal load distribution in polymer melt inside a mold and a die during injection and extrusion processes respectively on the structure properties of final product. Transient thermal and structure models of solidification process for polycarbonate polymer melt in a steel mold and die are studied in this research. Thermal solution obtained according to solidify the melt from 300 to 30Cand Biot number of 16 and 112 respectively for the mold and from 300 to 30 Cand Biot number of 16 for die. Thermal conductivity, and shear and Young Modulus of polycarbonate are temperature depending. Bonded contact between the polycarbonate and the steel surfaces is suggested to transfer the thermal load. The temperat

The increasing drinking water demand in many countries leads to an increase in the use of desalination plants, which are considered a great solution for water treatment processes. Reverse osmosis (RO) and electro-dialysis (ED) systems are the most popular membrane processes used to desalinate water at high salinity. Both systems work by separating the ionic contaminates and disposing of them as a brine solution, but ED uses electrical current as a driving force while RO uses osmotic pressure. A direct comparison of reverse osmosis and electro-dialysis systems is needed to highlight process development similarities and variances. This work aims to provide an overview of previous studies on reverse osmosis and electro-dial

In this research Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique was applied to study the filtration process in water treatment. Eight models have been developed and tested using data from a pilot filtration plant, working under different process design criteria; influent turbidity, bed depth, grain size, filtration rate and running time (length of the filtration run), recording effluent turbidity and head losses. The ANN models were constructed for the prediction of different performance criteria in the filtration process: effluent turbidity, head losses and running time. The results indicate that it is quite possible to use artificial neural networks in predicting effluent turbidity, head losses and running time in the filtration process, wi

An experimental and theoretical analysis was conducted for simulation of open circuit cross flow heat
exchanger dynamics during flow reduction transient in their secondary loops. Finite difference
mathematical model was prepared to cover the heat transfer mechanism between the hot water in the
primary circuit and the cold water in the secondary circuit during transient course. This model takes under
consideration the effect of water heat up in the secondary circuit due to step reduction of its flow on the
physical and thermal properties linked to the parameters that are used for calculation of heat transfer
coefficients on both sides of their tubes. Computer program was prepared for calculation purposes which
cover a

This paper deals with a Twin Rotor Aerodynamic System (TRAS). It is a Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) system with high crosscoupling between its two channels. It proposes a hybrid design procedure that combines frequency response and root locus approaches. The proposed controller is designated as PID-Lead Compensator (PIDLC); the PID controller was designed in previous work using frequency response design specifications, while the lead compensator is proposed in this paper and is designed using the root locus method. A general explicit formula for angle computations in any of the four quadrants is also given. The lead compensator is designed by shifting the dominant closed-loop poles slightly to the left in the

Lorentz-Einstein transformation derived by Einstein in his theory of special relativity. Physical laws and principles are invariant in all Galilean reference frames under this transformation. The transformation in every day use in a host of contexts as in free solution of the Dirac equation in the modern field of heavy ion in atomic physics. Most books on theoretical physics and special theory of relativity and all research papers have derived the Eorentz-Einstein transformation using various propositions and employing two observers each located in Galilean system with relative motion receding the same events in the space-time manifold. This paper derives Lorentz-Einstein transformation by proposing just one observer using local coordina

Orthogonal multicode direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) has the flexibility in offering high data rate services. However, in a frequency-selective fading channel, the bit error rate (BER) performance is severely degraded since the orthogonality among spreading codes is partially lost. In this paper, frequency-domain equalization (FDE) and space antenna diversity combining are applied to orthogonal multicode DS-CDMA in order to restore the code orthogonality and improve the BER performance of the system. Two methods of FDE are considered, the first method based on fast Fourier transform (FFT), while the second method based on circulant matrices. Moreover, a channel interleaving method, called chip interleaving is used

Today's world is witnessing continuous development, particularly in the construction sector, which is meeting the rising population and their need for essential facilities; this is one of the reasons why construction is witnessing such development. Different crises significantly affect this sector, including the financial crisis in different countries. This paper identifies the financial crises, their categories, and the reasons for appearing them.  Inflation, currency exchange fluctuations, and the drop in global oil prices are the most important reasons for the emergence of external financial crises, especially in Iraq, which considers oil an important economic resource for its budget. The unexpected global financial

The mathematical model of the tapered struts subjected to axial load is solved to obtain the modified stability functions due to shear effect as well as bending effects. The stability functions are derived for a wide range of non-prismatic struts then compared in graphical curves with stability functions excluding shear effects. The stability functions for non-prismatic members under compressive and tensile axial loads are developed for the purpose of expressing both effects of bending and shear in a beamcolumn stiffness at any value of axial force under the buckling limit

Health and environmental factors as well as operational difficulties are major challenges facing the development of an anaerobic digestion process. Some of these problems relate to the use of sludge collected from primary and secondary clarifier units in wastewater treatment plants for laboratory purposes.

The present study addresses the preparation of sludge for laboratory purposes by using a mixture that consists of the digested sludge, which is less pathogenic, compared to the collected sludge from the primary or secondary clarifier, and food wastes. The sludge has been tested experimentally for 19 and 32 days under mesophilic conditions. The results show a steady methane production rate from the anaerobic dig

Precision is one of the main elements that control the quality of a geodetic network, which defines as the measure of the network efficiency in propagation of random errors. This research aims to solve ZOD and FOD problems for a geodetic network using Rosenbrock Method to optimize the geodetic networks by using MATLAB programming language, to find the optimal design of geodetic network with high precision. ZOD problem was applied to a case study network consists of 19 points and 58 designed distances with a priori deviation equal to 5mm, to determine the best points in the network to consider as control points. The results showed that P55 and P73 having the minimum ellipse of error and considered as control points. FOD problem was applie

This study investigates the implementation of Taguchi design in the estimation of minimum corrosion rate of mild-steel in cooling tower that uses saline solution of different concentration. The experiments were set on the basis of Taguchi’s L16 orthogonal array. The runs were carried out under different condition such as inlet concentration of saline solution, temperature, and flowrate. The Signal-to- Noise ratio and ANOVA analysis were used to define the impact of cooling tower working conditions on the corrosion rate. A regression had been modelled and optimized to identify the optimum level for the working parameters that had been founded to be 13%NaCl, 35ᴼC, and 1 l/min. Also a confirmation run to establish the p

A constitutive law can be defined as a mathematical functional relation between physical quantities such as stress and strain and may take other factors like time ,temperature and additional material properties into account. In this paper , the endochronic model is used to predict the stress-strain relations of two Iraqi clays. This model is a viscoplastic one but without introducing a yield surface. It encompasses material behaviour such that the current stress state is a function of strain history through a time scale called “intrinsic time” which is not the absolute time but a material property. The simulation showed that the model overestimates the strains for all cases studied. This may be attributed to the material parameters w

An experimental and numerical study has been carried out to investigate the heat transfer by natural convection in air-filled annulus between two horizontal isothermal concentric cylinders with and without annular fins under steady state conditions; the inner cylinder surface is maintained at a higher temperature and the outer cylinder surface at a lower one. In the experimental study, the annulus inner surface is maintained at high temperature by applying uniform heat flux to the inner cylinder while the annulus outer surface is subjected to ambient temperature and maintained at low temperature. The experiments were curried out at a range of Rayleigh number (1.81×103 – 4.03×104) for case without fins and (1.08×103 – 2.94×104) fo

The approach of greening existing buildings, is an urgent necessity, because the greening operation provides the speed and optimal efficiency in the environmental performance, as well as keeping up with the global green architecture revolution. Therefore, greening existing buildings in Iraq is important for trends towards renewable energies, because of what the country went through economic conditions and crises and wars which kept the country away from what took place globally in this issue. The research problem is: insufficient knowledge about the importance and the mechanism of the greening of existing buildings, including its environmental and economic dimensions, by rationalization of energy consumption and preservi

تعد العدالة في توزيع الخدمات مكانها من المتطلبات الرئيسة ضمن عمل المخطط الحضري و الإقليمي ، لذا فقد شغل بال هذه الفئة من الباحثين إيجاد أو الاعتماد على سبل عديدة تساعد في تحقيق هذا التوزيع المثاني المناطق الخدمة المختلفة في المدينة. و كان النظام المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS) دورا بارزا في تذليل العديد من صعوبات العمل التي يواجهها واضعو الخطط الحصرية و الاقليمية على حد سواء، وخصوصا فيما يتعلق بعمليات التوزيع المك

    Soft clays are generally characterized by low shear strength, low permeability and high compressibility. An effective method to accelerate consolidation of such soils is to use vertical drains along with vacuum preloading to encourage radial flow of water.  In this research numerical modeling of prefabricated vertical drains with vacuum pressure was done to investigate the effect of using vertical drains together with vacuum pressure on the degree of saturation of fully and saturated-unsaturated soft soils.  Laboratory experiments were conducted by using a specially-designed large consolidometer cell where a central drain was installed and vacuum pressure was applied. All tests were conducted

This study aims to numerically simulate the flow of the salt wedge by using computational fluid dynamics, CFD. The accuracy of the numerical simulation model was assessed against published laboratory data. Twelve CFD model runs were conducted under the same laboratory conditions. The results showed that the propagation of the salt wedge is inversely proportional to the applied freshwater discharge and the bed slope of the flume.  The maximum propagation is obtained at the lowest discharge value and the minimum slope of the flume. The comparison between the published laboratory results and numerical simulation shows a good agreement. The range of the relative error varies between 0 and 16% with an average of 2% and a roo

Cost estimation is considered one of the important tasks in the construction projects management. The precise estimation of the construction cost affect on the success and quality of a construction project. Elemental estimation is considered a very important stage to the project team because it represents one of the key project elements. It helps in formulating the basis to strategies and execution plans for construction and engineering.  Elemental estimation, which in the early stage, estimates the construction costs depending on  . minimum details of the project so that it gives an indication for the initial design stage of a project. This paper studies the factors that affect the elemental cost estimation as well as the rela

This paper presents the dynamic responses of generators in a multi-machine power system.  The fundamental swing equations for a multi-machine stability analysis are revisited. The swing equations are solved to investigate the influence of a three-phase fault on the network largest load bus. The Nigerian 330kV transmission network was used as a test case for the study. The time domain simulation approach was explored to determine if the system could withstand a 3-phase fault. The stability of the transmission network is estimated considering the dynamic behaviour of the system under various contingency conditions. This study identifies Egbin, Benin, Olorunsogo, Akangba, Sakete, Omotosho and Oshogbo as the key buses w

In this paper, wireless network is planned; the network is predicated on the IEEE 802.16e standardization by WIMAX. The targets of this paper are coverage maximizing, service and low operational fees. WIMAX is planning through three approaches. In approach one; the WIMAX network coverage is major for extension of cell coverage, the best sites (with Band Width (BW) of 5MHz, 20MHZ per sector and four sectors per each cell). In approach two, Interference analysis in CNIR mode. In approach three of the planning, Quality of Services (QoS) is tested and evaluated. ATDI ICS software (Interference Cancellation System) using to perform styling. it shows results in planning area covered 90.49% of the Baghdad City and used 1000 mob