The mathematical model of the tapered struts subjected to axial load is solved to obtain the modified stability functions due to shear effect as well as bending effects. The stability functions are derived for a wide range of non-prismatic struts then compared in graphical curves with stability functions excluding shear effects. The stability functions for non-prismatic members under compressive and tensile axial loads are developed for the purpose of expressing both effects of bending and shear in a beamcolumn stiffness at any value of axial force under the buckling limit

Health and environmental factors as well as operational difficulties are major challenges facing the development of an anaerobic digestion process. Some of these problems relate to the use of sludge collected from primary and secondary clarifier units in wastewater treatment plants for laboratory purposes.

The present study addresses the preparation of sludge for laboratory purposes by using a mixture that consists of the digested sludge, which is less pathogenic, compared to the collected sludge from the primary or secondary clarifier, and food wastes. The sludge has been tested experimentally for 19 and 32 days under mesophilic conditions. The results show a steady methane production rate from the anaerobic dig

This study investigates the implementation of Taguchi design in the estimation of minimum corrosion rate of mild-steel in cooling tower that uses saline solution of different concentration. The experiments were set on the basis of Taguchi’s L16 orthogonal array. The runs were carried out under different condition such as inlet concentration of saline solution, temperature, and flowrate. The Signal-to- Noise ratio and ANOVA analysis were used to define the impact of cooling tower working conditions on the corrosion rate. A regression had been modelled and optimized to identify the optimum level for the working parameters that had been founded to be 13%NaCl, 35ᴼC, and 1 l/min. Also a confirmation run to establish the p

A constitutive law can be defined as a mathematical functional relation between physical quantities such as stress and strain and may take other factors like time ,temperature and additional material properties into account. In this paper , the endochronic model is used to predict the stress-strain relations of two Iraqi clays. This model is a viscoplastic one but without introducing a yield surface. It encompasses material behaviour such that the current stress state is a function of strain history through a time scale called “intrinsic time” which is not the absolute time but a material property. The simulation showed that the model overestimates the strains for all cases studied. This may be attributed to the material parameters w

An experimental and numerical study has been carried out to investigate the heat transfer by natural convection in air-filled annulus between two horizontal isothermal concentric cylinders with and without annular fins under steady state conditions; the inner cylinder surface is maintained at a higher temperature and the outer cylinder surface at a lower one. In the experimental study, the annulus inner surface is maintained at high temperature by applying uniform heat flux to the inner cylinder while the annulus outer surface is subjected to ambient temperature and maintained at low temperature. The experiments were curried out at a range of Rayleigh number (1.81×103 – 4.03×104) for case without fins and (1.08×103 – 2.94×104) fo

The approach of greening existing buildings, is an urgent necessity, because the greening operation provides the speed and optimal efficiency in the environmental performance, as well as keeping up with the global green architecture revolution. Therefore, greening existing buildings in Iraq is important for trends towards renewable energies, because of what the country went through economic conditions and crises and wars which kept the country away from what took place globally in this issue. The research problem is: insufficient knowledge about the importance and the mechanism of the greening of existing buildings, including its environmental and economic dimensions, by rationalization of energy consumption and preservi

Precision is one of the main elements that control the quality of a geodetic network, which defines as the measure of the network efficiency in propagation of random errors. This research aims to solve ZOD and FOD problems for a geodetic network using Rosenbrock Method to optimize the geodetic networks by using MATLAB programming language, to find the optimal design of geodetic network with high precision. ZOD problem was applied to a case study network consists of 19 points and 58 designed distances with a priori deviation equal to 5mm, to determine the best points in the network to consider as control points. The results showed that P55 and P73 having the minimum ellipse of error and considered as control points. FOD problem was applie

The vortex rate sensor is a fluidic gyroscope with no moving parts and can be used in very difficult conditions like radiation, high temperature and noise with minimum cost of manufacturing and maintenance. A vortex rate sensor made of wood has been designed and manufactured to study theoretically and experimentally its static performance .A rig has been built to carry out the study,
the test carried out with three different air flow rates (100, 150, and 200 l/min).The results show that the relation between the differential pressure taken from the sensor pickoff points and the angular velocity of the sensor was linear.The present work involved theoretical and experimental study of vortex rate sensor static characteristics .Vortex rat

The present study develops an artificial neural network (ANN) to model an analysis and a simulation of the correlation between the average corrosion rate carbon steel and the effective parameter Reynolds number (Re), water concentration (Wc) % temperature (T o) with constant of PH 7 . The water, produced fom oil in Kirkuk oil field in Iraq from well no. k184-Depth2200ft., has been used as a corrosive media and specimen area (400 mm2) for the materials that were used as low carbon steel pipe. The pipes are supplied by Doura Refinery . The used flow system is all made of Q.V.F glass, and the circulation of the two –phase (liquid – liquid ) is affected using a Q.V.F pump .The input parameters of the model consists of Reynolds number , w

Various speech enhancement Algorithms (SEA) have been developed in the last few decades. Each algorithm has its advantages and disadvantages because the speech signal is affected by environmental situations. Distortion of speech results in the loss of important features that make this signal challenging to understand. SEA aims to improve the intelligibility and quality of speech that different types of noise have degraded. In most applications, quality improvement is highly desirable as it can reduce listener fatigue, especially when the listener is exposed to high noise levels for extended periods (e.g., manufacturing). SEA reduces or suppresses the background noise to some degree, sometimes called noise suppression alg

Collapsible soil has a metastable structure that experiences a large reduction in volume or collapse when wetting. The characteristics of collapsible soil contribute to different problems for infrastructures constructed on its such as cracks and excessive settlement found in buildings, railways channels, bridges, and roads. This paper aims to provide an art review on collapse soil behavior all over the world, type of collapse soil, identification of collapse potential, and factors that affect collapsibility soil. As urban grow in several parts of the world, the collapsible soil will have more get to the water. As a result, there will be an increase in the number of wetting collapse problems, so it's very important to com

This research consists of two parts, the first part concern with analyzing the collected data of BOD and COD values in discharge waste water from Al-Dora refinery during 2010 to find the relationship between these two variables The results indicates that there
is a high correlation between BOD and COD when using a natural logarithm model (0.86 ln(COD)) with correlation coefficient of 0.98. This relationship is useful in predicting the BOD value using the COD value. The second part includes analyzing collected data from the same site in order to find a relationsip between BOD and other parameters COD, Phenol(phe), Temperature(T), Oil, Sulphat(SO4),pH and Total dissolved solids( TDS) discharged from the refinery. The results indicated

The most efficient nozzle is generally considered to be that for which the discharge coefficient is nearly unity. Nozzle dimensions influence the discharge coefficient. In sprinkler irrigation systems there are many types of nozzles because any sprinkler irrigation system has special one depend on these system characteristics, so the discharge coefficient relation with nozzle dimensions must be known to the sprinkler irrigation system designer. A computer program for nozzle flow characteristic was built and the relation between the discharge coefficient (C) and the nozzle geometrical dimensions to reach to the best nozzle design was studied. The finite -lifference approach was introduced to carryout all computations with special grid arr

Face Identification is an important research topic in the field of computer vision and pattern recognition and has become a very active research area in recent decades. Recently multiwavelet-based neural networks (multiwavenets) have been used for function approximation and recognition, but to our best knowledge it has not been used for face Identification. This paper presents a novel approach for the Identification of human faces using Back-Propagation Adaptive Multiwavenet. The proposed multiwavenet has a structure similar to a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network with three layers, but the activation function of hidden layer is replaced with multiscaling functions. In experiments performed on the ORL face database it achieved a

This work implements the' face recognition system based on two stages, the first stage is feature extraction stage and the second stage is the classification stage. The feature extraction stage consists of Self-Organizing Maps in a hierarchical format in conjunetion with Gabor Filters and local image sampling.The next stage is the classification stage, and consists of self-organizing map neural network; the goal of this stage is to find the similar image to the input image. The proposal method algorithm implemented by using C++ packages, this work is successful classifier for a face database consist of 20 people with six images for each person.

Corrosion of carbon steel pipe in aerated 0.1N NaCI solution nder isothermal turbulent flow conditions (Reynolds number 15000-113000 and temperature of 30-60°C) is investigated by weight loss method. The effect of Reynolds number and temperature on corrosion rates is experimentally studied and discussed. Corrosion mechanism is analyzed as a mass transfer operation and the corrosion rate is expressed in terms of mass transfer dimensionless groups (Sh and St) and in terms of usual corrosion units. The results of corrosion rates are compared with many proposed models particularly those based on the concept of analogy among mass, heat, and momentum transport by determining experimental friction factor. The capability of these models to expr

Construction is a complicated process that takes place in an almost uncontrollable environment. Although projects can be carefully planned in advance in principle, there is a chance that unforeseen events and crises can disrupt these plans, affecting project development. Because the initial investment expenditures in construction projects are so large, they may be quickly influenced by crises, resulting in significant financial losses. The 2014 financial crisis was one of the most prominent crises that Iraq faced, which significantly impacted various activities in general and the construction industry in particular. Despite the importance of crisis management systems, the researchers found a great lack of local studies l

ield Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have some difficulty with the implementation of deating-point operations. In particular, devoting the large number of slices needed by floating-point multipliers prohibits incorporating floating point into smaller, less expensive FPGAs. An alternative is the Logarithmic Number System (LNS), where multiplication and division are easy and fast. LNS also has the advantage of lower power consumption than fixed point. The problem with LNS has been the implementation of addition. There are many price/performance tradeoffs in the LNS design space between pure software and specialised-high-speed hardware. This paper focuses on a compromise between these extremes, and on a small RISC core design (loosely insp

This work describes the experimental activities developed to study the biomass transport
phenomena occurring in upflow anaerobic reactor influencing the biomass washout. The
experimental investigations have been carried outon pilot UASB fed with the aim to determine the
height to which washout is affected by: daily flow distribution; upflow velocity; concentration and
sedimentation properties of the biomass. The experiments had shown a considerable influence on
the biomass behavior of the time interval between two successive feeds of the reactor. It was found
that, if this period is more than 1 hr larger losses of the biomass into the effluent were obtained,
independent of the upflow velocity. Shorter time periods g

Laboratory investigation and many comparisons between laboratory and commercial samples of
Yemeni kerosene distillates were carried out .The physico-chemical properties of the kerosene
distillates were determined . The possibility of their utilization as an aviation turbine fuel with high
quality specification " assisting the increase of flight height and velocity " was confirmed . At the
first look to obtained results , it is shown that the physicochemical properties for all samples are in
the international permissible limits. The carbon content is distributed as the following: 15% normal
paraffin ; 50% branched paraffin ; 2% mono-cycloalkanes ; 16% bicycloalkanes ; 16% branched
mono-cycloaromat with branches prevai

This paper brings together random field generation and finite element technique to model steady
state seepage through two dimensional soil domain in which the hydraulic conductivity is randomly
distributed in space. The analysis treats the hydraulic conductivity as a spatially random property with
specified mean, variance and spatial correlation length. The results of the combined model used in an
optimization procedure to obtain the optimum dimension of the hydraulic structure seepage control
techniques.

Myoelectrie signals are the electrical manifestation associated with the movements exerted by the muscuiar system in the mamal beings (including the human). Examination of these signals should reveal the status of the muscles as well as the driving nervous system, This is important in diagnosis as well as prosthesis for the health of mankind and aids for handicaped. This would not be possible unless powerful digital processing techniques are available. In this paper, several techniques are investigated so as to extract the features of the ME signals both in time and frequency domains. The extracted features are subsequently employed in an automatic diagnostie classification system to decide whether or not they correspond to a normal musc

Colorization is a computer assisted process of adding color to a monochrome (grayscale) image or
movie. The early published methods to perform the image colorizing rely on heuristic techniques
for choosing RGB colors from a global palette and applying them to regions of the target grayscaled
image. The main improvement of the proposed technique is the adoption in a fully automatic
way the genetic algorithm as an efficient search method to find best match for each pixel in the
target image. The proposed genetic algorithm evolves a population of randomly selected individuals (that represents a possible color setting for target image using a reference colored source image toward solution that could resemble natural or real co

The key benefits connected with Roller-Compacted Concrete Pavement (RCCP) technology are costs reduction of life-cycle, shrinkage decrease, opening to traffic at an earlier time, and a cooling of the city's core are. This technology received much consideration recently for applications in highway tenders. Several attempts worked on instill sustainable implementation in RCCP using alternate materials. This work presented a thorough review of the literature on alternative materials for RCCP published between 1997 and 2021. Recycled concrete and asphalt pavement aggregates are two examples of alternative materials to traditional quarry rock that have been studied. Critical evaluations of th

This paper proposes a new strategy to enhance the performance and accuracy of the Spiral dynamic algorithm (SDA) for use in solving real-world problems by hybridizing the SDA with the Bacterial Foraging optimization algorithm (BFA). The dynamic step size of SDA makes it a useful exploitation approach. However, it has limited exploration throughout the diversification phase, which results in getting trapped at local optima. The optimal initialization position for the SDA algorithm has been determined with the help of the chemotactic strategy of the BFA optimization algorithm, which has been utilized to improve the exploration approach of the SDA. The proposed Hybrid Adaptive Spiral Dynamic Bacterial Foraging (HASDBF)

lar water heating systems with heat pipes of three diameter groups of 16, 22 and 28.5 mm. The first and third groups had evaporator lengths of 1150, 1300 and 1550 mm. The second group had an additional length of 1800 mm. all heat pipes were of fixed condenser length of 200 mm. Ethanol at 50% fill charge ratio of the evaporator volume was used as the heat pipes working fluid. Each heat pipe condenser section was inserted in a storage tank and the evaporator section inserted into an evacuated glass tube of the Owens- Illinois type. The combined heat pipe and evacuated glass tube form an active solar collector of a unique design.
The resulting ten solar water heating systems were tested outdoors under the meteorological conditions of Bag

In this research a local adsorbent was prepared from waste tires using two-step pyrolysis method. In the carbonization process, nitrogen gas flow rate was 0.2L/min at carbonization temperature of 500ºC for 1h. The char products were then preceded to the activation process at 850°C under carbon dioxide (CO2) activation flow rate of 0.6L/min for 3h. The activation method produced local adsorbent material with a surface area and total pore volume as high as 118.59m2 /g and 0.1467cm3/g, respectively. The produced . local adsorbent (activated carbon) was used for adsorption of lead from aqueous solution. The continuous fixed bed column experiments were conducted. The adsorption capacity performance of prepared activated carbons in this work

This research introduce an efficient and easy method to superimpose or merge an available digitized aerial photo on the common wireframe digital terrain model D.T.M. for a specific region, and to finally produce what is called photorealistic digital terrain model P.D.T.M. with the aid of Matlab programming language

This study analyzes Baghdad Tower for communications when subjected to earthquake excitation using an elasto-viscoplastic material modeling and a three-dimensional finite element method. The algorithm used in this research deals with nonlinear structural analysis. Newmark's method is employed to study the displacement response under El-Centro earthquake type of excitation

In most of the group technology approaches the formulation and simplification of data entry has been ignored. This has lead to difficulties and complexity for the end-user of the group technology, especially in the cases where the number of machines and components are large and complex. The way the daa are inputted are in the form of a 0-1 matrix, which is quit difficult, troublesome, and error creation is possible in their entry, even with double-checking in their input. Also for output results, as it is given in the form of the 0-1 matrix and left to the end-user to interrupt instead of iving the result in a such a way that it could be used by the end-user directly. In this paper, a systematic formulation of data input and output is in