An experimental investigation was made for the study of incompressible flow on a circular disc. It consists of two parts. The first was the determination of the pressure distribution of the front an! rear sides of three samples of dises with diameters 9.73,10.75 and 11.94cm and 3mm thickness.Th: dises were mounted normal to the flow direction. This part also included the determination of pressure distribution on the front and rear sides of an inclined dise of 10.75 cm diameter it inclination angles of 30, 60, 120, and 150 to the horizontal. The second part of the investigation was the determination of the drag coefficient on a circular disc 10.75 cm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness using two methods. The first using strain gages as sens

The research tries to investigate the effects of Contemporary Science Philosophy on Architecture. The research depends on contemporary Science Philosophy of K.Popper and T.Kuhn. The procedures of the research contain the construction of comprehensive theoretical framework that includes the influence of contemporary of Philosophy of Science on Architecture in the following level which contains the general thought position, which includes (The position of Psychological Theory, knowledge Theory, the society, the history and the position of Architecture views). The conclusions of the research focus on the theoretical framework that depends on the previous views of K.Popper and T.Kuhn which reflected on Architectural views.

Different frequency distributions models were fitted to the monthly data of raw water Turbidity at water treatment plants (WTPs) along Tigris River in Baghdad. Eight water treatment plants in Baghdad were selected, with raw water turbidity data for the period (2008-2014). The frequency distribution models used in this study are the Normal, Log-normal, Weibull, Exponential and two parameters Gamma type. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate the goodness of fit.  The data for years (2008-2011) were used for building the models. The best fitted distributions were Log-Normal (LN) for Al-Karkh, Al-Wathbah, Al-Qadisiya, Al-Dawrah and, Al-Rashid WTPs. Gamma distribution fitted well for East Tigris and Al-Karamah

This paper introduces a new class of convolutional codes, which is called Turbo Code. Turbo Code was shown to achieve performance in terms of Bit-Error-Rate (BER), which is near Shannon limit. Turbo Code encoder is built using a parallel concatenation of two Recursive Systematic Convolutional (RSC) codes. In this paper, two solutions to the trellis termination problem are presented. The first solution encoder uses terminated Upper RSC encoder and unterminated Lower RSC encoder. On the other side, the second solution encoder uses terminated Upper and Lower RSC encoders. The performance of the two solutions is tested for different circumstances and the results are interesting.

Improving the accuracy of load-deformation behavior, failure mode, and ultimate load capacity for reinforced concrete members subjected to in-plane loadings such as corbels, wall to foundation connections and panels need shear strength behavior to be included. Shear design in reinforced concrete structures depends on crack width, crack slippage and roughness of the surface of cracks.

This paper illustrates results of an experimental investigation conducted to investigate the direct shear strength of fiber normal strength concrete (NSC) and reactive powder concrete (RPC). The tests were performed along a pre-selected shear plane in concrete members named push-off specimens. The effectiveness of concrete compressiv

Solar radiation is one of the renewable energy resource that can be used in different fields such as heating, cooling & lighting to employ the double use of passive and active systems' that integrate with the ideal mass grouping, direction,layout & design of building form and its envelope correctly, by the integration ofthese tools and trends with each others in away that insures energy conservation andlessen the use of fossil fuel in buildings to achieve environmental balancing.In order to explain the point of view for the process of environmental design &sustainable building that include (planning & mass grouping) to work as integrated
system to design efficient energy buildings where the site and setting, planninge

Electrochemical decolorization of direct black textile dye was studied in the presence of sodium
hydroxide (NaCl). Electrochemical cell occupy about 1 liter of working electrolyte supplied with graphite
electrodes for both anode and cathode was constructed for this purpose. Decolorization percent, treatment time, power consumption, and pH were studied as a function of the applied voltage and salt concentration. Results show that decolorization increase with increasing salt concentration and applied voltage. Best decolorization of 86% can be achieved after 17 min at 7 volt and 5 g/l salt concentration. Further decolorization can be achieved but this will be accompanied with a sharp increase in power consumption. No significant decre

Shatt Al-Arab River in Al Basrah, Iraq, has recently recorded massive levels of TDS values (Total Dissolved Solids) in the water as a result of reduced fresh water discharge from sources, causing the river to become salinized due to salt wedge intrusion. Therefore, a block dam in the south reach is required to salt intrusion prevention. The main objective of this research is to simulate the hydraulic impact of a suggested barrage in Ras Al Besha on the Shatt Al-Arab River. The HEC-RAS (5.0.7) model was used to develop a one-dimensional unsteady model to gaining an understanding of the proposed barrage's influence on river behaviour. The daily discharges of the Tigris River provided as the upstream boundary conditions, wh

A three-dimensional coupled finite element analysis algorithm is developed to predict the behaviour of single piles in clay. Three dimensional 20-noded brick elements are used in the analyses carried out on three documented field studies. Each node carries four degrees of freedom, three being for displacements in the three perpendicular space dimensions while the fourth is allocated for pore water pressure. The behaviour of the material of the pile is idealized through a linear elastic constitutive relationship while that for the soil by the Modified Cam-Clay model both extended to cover three-dimensional characteristics. The load-displacement results from the developed algorithm on the three selected problems from literature show a very

Annealing and normalizing treatment are one of the most important heat treatment for the steel and its alloys. In the present work a mathematical model has been used to simulate  this process, this model taken in account the variation in the physical material properties and heat transfer coefficient for the surface of metal. A numerical scheme based on control finite volume method has been used. A computer program with C++ language was constricted to found the final solution of the numerical equations.The model was used to estimate the temperatures distribution and the hardness value at each point of the workpiece. Good agreement has been obtained when compared the result of the present model with other experimental published data.<

Recovery of copper from actual spent etchant cupric chloride solution used in manufacturing of printed circuit board (PCB) containing 124 g/l Cu+2 ions concentration and 60 g/l hydrochloric acid was investigated in a batch mode jacketed tank. This tank was constructed with inner dimensions of 19×10×15 cm3 . Cylindrical rode-shape titanium was used as cathode, while two rectangular shaped graphite were used as anodes. The parameters studied were: current density (0.16-0.30 A/cm2 ), copper concentration in etchant solution (30-124 g/l) and the temperature (25-45o C). The highest current efficiency obtained was about 92% and the lowest power consumption achieved was about 2.7 W.h/g within the temperature range 25-35^o C.

Thermal pollution occurs when heated wastewater is discharged into rivers, lakes, oceans, or other water bodies. This will raise the temperature of the water body above its normal level and, consequently, will harm the aquatic live.
Thermal Pollution problems will intensify as electricity usage increases unless substantial changes are made in the mode of discharge of the heated water. This paper is aimed to study the effects of heated water released from South-Baghdad Power Station on the water quality of Tigris River. Many parameters are test such as: Temperature (T), Total suspended solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Hydrogen Ion (pH) and the dissolved oxygen (DO). Other parameters are tested t

An experimental and theoretical investigation of the effect of flow separation on the performance of a cascade NACA 65_(12)10 axial compressor blade has been carried out. The experimental work includes the fabrication of three blades from wood, each having a chord (100mm) but one of these blades having a span of (90mm) for smoke tunnel testing and the other two blades having a span of (380mm) for wind tunnel testing. The two blades were connected by suitable mechanism in order to be fixed in the wind tunnel protractor and rotated in the required stagger angle. The cascade was tested in an open type low-speed subsonic (Mach number-0.117) wind tunnel, for Reynolds number (Re-239605) based on maximum velocity (35 m/s) and airfoil chord leng

In real conditions of structures, foundations like retaining walls, industrial machines and platforms in offshore areas are commonly subjected to eccentrically inclined loads. This type of loading significantly affects the overall stability of shallow foundations due to exposing the foundation into two components of loads (horizontal and vertical) and consequently reduces the bearing capacity.

Based on a numerical analysis performed using finite element software (Plaxis 3D Foundation), the behavior of model strip foundation rested on dry sand under the effect of eccentric inclined loads with different embedment ratios (D/B) ranging from (0-1) has been explored. The results display that, the bearing capacity of st

well log analysis is used to determine the rock properties like porosity, water saturation, and shale volume. Archie parameters in Archie equation, which sometimes considered constants greatly affect the determination of water saturation, also these parameters may be used to indicate whether the rocks are fractured or not so they should be determined. This research involves well logging analysis for Zubair formation in Luhais field which involves the determination of Archie parameters instead of using them as constant.

The log interpretation proved that the formation is hydrocarbon reservoir, as it could be concluded from Rwa (high values) and water saturation values (low values), the lithology of Zubair from cro

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is used in photovoltaic (PV) systems to enhance efficiency and maximize the output power of PV module, regardless the variation of temperature, irradiation, and the electrical characteristics of the load. A new MPPT system has been presented in this research, consisting of a synchronous DC-DC step-down Buck converter controlled by an Arduino microcontroller based unit. The MPPT process with Perturb and Observe method is performed with a DC-DC converter circuit to overcome the problem of voltage mismatch between the PV modules and the loads. The proposing system has high efficiency, lower cost and can be easily modified to handle more energy sources. The test results indicate that the u

The aim of the present work is to study the effect of different outlet nozzle diameters, by using one or two nozzles on the performance of divergent vortex tube and also to determine the effects of various parameters on the vortex tube cooling performance such as: refrigeration capacity, coefficient of performance, isentropic efficiency. The experimental investigation was carried out on a divergent vortex tube rig manufactured for the present study covering all tests. The effect of different outlet nozzle diameters ( dn= 4 mm, dn = 5 mm, and dn= 6.5 mm) on the performance of the vortex tube is described by using one nozzle or two nozzles by varying the pressure of the inlet air and cold air mass ratio (μc) within the ranges (Pi abs=2 -

The potential to remove Pb(II) from aqueous solutions through biosorption using four raw dead plant biomasses (karab, bardie, rice hulls and corn-cobs) was investigated in batch tests and compared with that for the PAC. From tests, it was found that the four types of dead-plant biomasses had shown high removal efficiency with the descending order (karab, bardie, rice hulls and corn cobs). Their percent removal (% R) of Pb(II) were (98.76, 96.10, 95.16 and 94.70) respectively at pH 4 with 0.2 g of sorbent/100 ml of 10 ppm lead solution , while it was (99.8 %) for PAC. Generally through batch system at a laboratory scale, karab has proved to be an efficient biosorbent for the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions with low initial ion co

Theoretical and experimental study has been conducted on developing laminar mixed convection heat transfer air flow through an annulus for both aiding and opposing flow with uniformly heated inner cylinder and adiabatic outer cylinder for the theoretical part and with uniformly heated inner cylinder while the outer cylinder is subjected to the ambient for the experimental part. In the theoretical investigation the energy equation was first solved using (ADI) method, and then the momentum equations and continuity equation were combined as the pressure correction formula and solved by the SIMPLE algorithm. The present theoretical work covers Ra range from 4.55*10 to 5.649 10° and Re range from 300 to 1000 with radius ratio of 0.555 and Pr

In this research, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) technique was applied in an attempt to predict the water levels and some of the water quality parameters at Tigris River in Wasit Government for five different sites. These predictions are useful in the planning, management, evaluation of the water resources in the area. Spatial data along a river system or area at different locations in a catchment area usually have missing measurements, hence an accurate prediction. model to fill these missing values is essential.
The selected sites for water quality data prediction were Sewera, Numania , Kut u/s, Kut d/s, Garaf observation sites. In these five sites models were built for prediction of the water level and water quality parameters.

Climate change causes water shortage (water scarcity) in addition to the dams built by neighboring countries, which caused a lack of Iraq's water share. Therefore, evaluating the irrigation system requires considering its suitability, adequacy, and efficiency. Irrigation is considered adequate when it maintains water availability within the root zone, and if the amount to be added is determined, irrigation efficiency becomes possible by avoiding water loss. Babil Governorate is considered one of the agricultural governorates in the country that depends on its irrigation from Shatt Al-Hilla. The study area is the Elaj project. Three fields were selected for the project (B₁, B_2, and B₃). These fields are lo

In this paper, a design of the broadband thin metamaterial absorber (MMA) is presented. Compared with the previously reported metamaterial absorbers, the proposed structure provides a wide bandwidth with a compatible overall size. The designed absorber consists of a combination of octagon disk and split octagon resonator to provide a wide bandwidth over the Ku and K bands' frequency range. Cheap FR-4 material is chosen to be a substate of the proposed absorber with 1.6 thicknesses and 6.5×6.5 overall unit cell size. CST Studio Suite was used for the simulation of the proposed absorber. The proposed absorber provides a wide absorption bandwidth of 14.4 GHz over a frequency range of 12.8-27.5 GHz with more than %90 absorp

In this paper, an experimental study was conducted to enhance the thermal performance of a double-pass solar air heater (SAH) using phase change material (PCM) for thermal storage at climatic conditions of Baghdad city - Iraq. The double-pass solar air heater integrated with thermal storage system was manufactured and tested to ensure that the air heating reserved after the absence of the sun. The rectangular cavity filled with paraffin wax was used as a latent heat storage and incorporated into the lower channel of solar air heater. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the charging and discharging characteristics of two similar designed solar air collectors with and without using phase change material at a constant

Entropy generation was studied for new type of heat exchanger (shell and double concentric tubes heat exchanger). Parameters of hot oil flow rate, temperature of inlet hot oil and pressure drop were investigated with the concept of entropy generation. The results showed that the value of entropy generation increased with increasing the flow rate of hot oil and when cold water flow rate was doubled from 20 to 40 l/min, these values were larger. On the other hand, entropy generation increased with increasing the hot oil inlet temperature at a certain flow rate of hot oil. Furthermore, at a certain hot oil inlet temperature, the entropy generation increased with the pressure drop at different hot oil inlet flow rates. Final

In this paper the variable structure control theory is utilized to derive a discontinuous controller to the magnetic levitation system. The magnetic levitation system model is considered uncertain, which subjected to the uncertainty in system parameters, also it is open-loop unstable and strongly nonlinear. The proposed variable structure control to magnetic levitation system is proved, and the area of attraction is determined. Additionally, the chattering, which induced due to the discontinuity in control law, is attenuated by using a non-smooth approximate. With this approximation the resulted controller is a continuous variable structure controller with a determined steady state error according to the selected control

The need for quick airborne transportation is critical, especially in emergencies. Drones with suspended payloads might be used to accomplish quick airborne transportation. Due to the environment or the drone's motion, the slung load may oscillate and lead the drone to fall. The altitude and attitude controls are the backbones of the drone's stability, and they must be adequately designed. Because of their symmetrical and simple structure, quadrotor helicopters are one of the most popular drone classes. In this work, a genetic algorithm with two weighted terms fitness function is used to adjust a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller to compensate for the altitude and attitude controllers in a quadrotor drone

Most of the structures subjected to load tests had successfully passed it, although some of them had failed in cube and core tests. It is believed that membrane action may be the most important factor that made them do so. In the present study, an attempt is made to study the effect of membrane action on load test results. In this study, two space (3-D) model frames, nine panels (3×3), [consisted of rafts, columns, beams and slabs] were prepared for load test. The results show the positive role of the membrane action especially with camber beams and slabs in successful passing of the load test. Also there is enhancement in the deflection behavior of camber members compared with straight members.

Experience with Bishop's method, using the shear strength parameters c and obtained fron triaxial compression tests seems to indicate that the values of the safety factor obtained in this way are relatively large. This is sometimes compensated by using shear strength parameters obtained from direct shear tests, simple shear tests, or classical cell tests, which usually lead to smaller values of c and . A solution for the difficulty mentioned above may be the notion that the simple Coulomb formula does not take into account that failure may occur on a plane perpendicular to the global slip surface, with an additional rotation to result in global slip parallel to the slip surface, i.e. double sliding failure model.The essential step in dev

This paper provides the result of an investigation to use of crushed clay brick as
aggregates in producing concrete. Eight different crushed clay brick aggregate concretes were
used in this investigation. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and pulse velocity of
crushed clay brick aggregates concrete were determined and compare to natural aggregate
concrete. The compressive strength of crushed clay brick aggregates concretes were always
lower than the compressive strength of natural aggregates concrete regardless the age of
concrete, but the crushed clay brick aggregates concrete showed better performance as the age of
concrete increases and average reduction in compressive strength were 33.5% at the age