This paper proposes improving the structure of the neural controller based on the identification model for nonlinear systems. The goal of this work is to employ the structure of the Modified Elman Neural Network (MENN) model into the NARMA-L2 structure instead of Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) model in order to construct a new hybrid neural structure that can be used as an identifier model and a nonlinear controller for the SISO linear or nonlinear systems. Two learning algorithms are used to adjust the parameters weight of the hybrid neural structure with its serial-parallel configuration; the first one is supervised learning algorithm based Back Propagation Algorithm (BPA) and the second one is an intelligent algorithm n

To damp the low-frequency oscillations which occurred due to the disturbances in the electrical power system, the generators are equipped with Power System Stabilizer (PSS) that provide supplementary feedback stabilizing signals. The low-frequency oscillations in power system are classified as local mode oscillations, intra-area mode oscillation, and interarea mode oscillations. A suitable PSS model was selected considering the low frequencies oscillation in the inter-area mode based on conventional PSS and Fuzzy Logic Controller. Two types of (FIS) Mamdani and suggeno were considered in this paper. The software of the methods was executed using MATLAB R2015a package.

Asphaltene is a component class that may precipitate from petroleum as a highly viscous and sticky material that is likely to cause deposition problems in a reservoir, in production well, transportation, and in process plants. It is more important to locate the asphaltene precipitation conditions (precipitation pressure and temperature) before the occurring problem of asphaltene deposition to prevent it and eliminate the burden of high treatment costs of this problem if it happens. There are different models which are used in this flow assurance problem (asphaltene precipitation and deposition problem) and these models depend on experimental testing of asphaltene properties. In this study, the used model was equation of

In this work, a simple and new method is proposed to simultaneously improve the physical layer security and the transmission performance of the optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system, by combining orthogonal frequency division multiplexing technique with chaotic theory principles. In the system, a 2-D chaotic map is employed. The introduced system replaces complex operations such as matrix multiplication with simple operations such as multiplexing and inverting. The system performance in terms of bit error rate (BER) and peak to average ratio (PAPR) is enhanced. The system is simulated using Optisystem15 with a MATLAB2016 and for different constellations. The simulation results showed that the  BE

In this study, a 3 mm thickness 7075-T6 aluminium alloy sheet was used in the friction stir welding process. Using the design of experiment to reduce the number of experiments and to obtain the optimum friction stir welding parameters by utilizing Taguchi technique based on the ultimate tensile test results. Orthogonal array of L9 (3³) was used based on three numbers of the parameters and three levels for each parameter, where shoulder-workpiece interference depth (0.20, 0.25, and 0.3) mm, pin geometry (cylindrical thread flat end, cylindrical thread with 3 flat round end, cylindrical thread round end), and thread pitch (0.8, 1, and 1.2) mm) this technique executed by Minitab 17 software. The results showed th

Steady natural and mixed convection flow in a square vented enclosure filled with water-saturated aluminum metal foam is numerically investigated. The left vertical wall is kept at constant temperature and the remaining walls are thermally insulated. Forced convection is imposed by providing an inlet at cavity bottom surface, and a vent at the top surface. Natural convection takes place due to the temperature difference inside the enclosure. Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer model for fluid flow and the two-equation of the local thermal non-equilibrium model for heat flow was adopted to describe the flow characteristics within the porous cavity. Numerical results are obtained for a wide range of width of the inlet as a fraction

A computational algorithm for calculating the unsteady compressible and turbulent hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers over a porous flat plate with uniform suction or injection is developed in the present work. The mathematical modeling involves the derivation of the governing partial differential equations of the problem. These are the continuity, the momentum, the ( κ −ε ) turbulence model and the energy equations. Besides, the perfect gas law and the Sutherland' s law of molecular viscosity are also used. A proper initial and boundary conditions are specified to be used in the solution of the governing equations. A numerical solution of the governing equations is made by using the control volume approach, with non-staggered g

The flow in a manifolds considered as an advanced problem in hydraulic engineering applications. The objectives of this study are to determine; the uniformity qn/q1 (ratio of the discharge at last outlet, qn to the discharge at first outlet, q₁) and total head losses of the flow along straight and rectangular loop manifolds with different flow conditions. The straight pipes were with 18 m and 19 m long and with of 25.4 mm (1.0 in) in diameter each. While, the rectangular close loop configuration was with length of 19 m and with diameter of 25.4 mm (1.0 in) also. Constant head in the supply tank was used and the head is 2.10 m. It is found that outlets spacing and manifold configuration are the main factors aff

Rock engineers widely use the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rocks in designing
surface and underground structures. The procedure for measuring this rock strength has been
standardized by both the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) and American Society
for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Akram and Bakar(2007).
In this paper, an experimental study was performed to correlate of Point Load Index ( Is(50))
and Pulse Wave Velocity (Vp) to the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of Rocks. The effect
of several parameters was studied. Point load test, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and
Pulse Wave Velocity (Vp) were used for testing several rock samples with different diameters.
The predicted e

Date stones were used as precursor for the preparation of activated carbons by chemical
activation with ferric chloride and zinc chloride. The effects of operating conditions represented
by the activation time, activation temperature, and impregnation ratio on the yield and adsorption
capacity towards methylene blue (MB) of prepared activated carbon by ferric chloride activation
(FAC) and zinc chloride activation (ZAC) were studied. For FAC, an optimum conditions of 1.25
h activation time, 700 °C activation temperature, and 1.5 impregnation ratio gave 185.15 mg/g
MB uptake and 47.08 % yield, while for ZAC, 240.77 mg/g MB uptake and 40.46 % yield were
obtained at the optimum conditions of 1.25 h activation time, 500

Generally fossil based fuels are used in internal combustion engines as an energy source.
Excessive use of fossil based fuels diminishes present reserves and increases the air pollution in
urban areas. This enhances the importance of the effective use of present reserves and/or to develop
new alternative fuels, which are environment friendly. Use of alternative fuel is a way of emission
control. The term “Alternative Gaseous Fuels” relates to a wide range of fuels that are in the
gaseous state at ambient conditions, whether when used on their own or as components of mixtures
with other fuels.
In this study, a single cylinder diesel engine was modified to use LPG in dual fuel mode to study
the performance, emis

In Production and Operations Management the specialists  have  tried to develop a strategy to counter the risks arising from the activities of the organization and of waste of various types and therefore the risk management in the contemporary framework represents a phenomenon of new quality, and can not be this phenomenon to take practical dimensions, but the development of culture of the organization towards the risks and deal with all aspects and paint ways to address them within an integrated program, and requires new skills and systems provide accurate information capable of coordination between the various parties within the organization.

     The research aims to develop a blu

عد تصاميم المساكن التقليدية في ريفنا العراقي مدرسة رائدة في تقديم نماذج وحلول تصميمية ناجحة ، ذلك لأنها نابعة من بيئة مجتمعنا الريفي والمتمثلة بظروفه الطبيعية وعاداته وتقاليده . تقوم فرضية البحث على اساس ان تصميم المسكن الريفي التقليدي قد تغير نتيجة لعوامل وظروف متعددة أهمها التطورات الحضرية للمدن والزاحفة باتجاه أقاليمها الريفية والتي غالباً ما تكون سريعة وعشوائية غير خاضعة للتخطيط المسبق، كما أن المسك

Most Internet-tomography problems such as shared congestion detection depend on network measurements. Usually, such measurements are carried out in multiple locations inside the network and relied on local clocks. These clocks usually skewed with time making these measurements unsynchronized and thereby degrading the performance of most techniques. Recently, shared congestion detection has become an important issue in many computer networked applications such as multimedia streaming and
peer-to-peer file sharing. One of the most powerful techniques that employed in literature is based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) with cross-correlation operation to determine the state of the congestion. Wavelet transform is used as a de-noisin

Single phase AC induction motors are one of the widely used motors in the world, yet relatively little woke has been done in the applications of power electronic converter to these motors to achieve variable speed operation. When variable speed is required, it is usually achieved either by using auto transformer or by switching between two or more fixed winding configurations. The motor is analyzed as an unbalanced two phase system to determine the torque that can be expected under variable frequency control.
The performance of capacitor-run single phase induction motor used in SHEPWM adjustable speed drives in the steady-state is investigated. The supply voltage-frequency law for the motor is selected in such a way as to insure a cor

Many attacks may be carried out against communications in Local Area Networks (LANs). However, these attacks can be prevented, or detected, by providing confidentiality, authentication, and data integrity security services to the exchanged data. This paper introduces a security system that protects a LAN from security attacks. On each host in the protected LAN, the security system transparently intercepts each outbound IP (Internet Protocol) packet, and inserts a crypto header between the packet IP header and payload. This header is used to detect any modification to the content of the packet in transit, and to detect replayed packets. Then, the system encrypts the IP packet payload and some fields of the inserted crypto header. On the o

In Iraq, as well as many other developing countries the performance graded (PG) based System is not yet implemented to evaluate the currently used asphalt cernents for paving works. It appears that not only the unavailability of test equipments is resulting in this delay but also the lack of clear understanding of what steps could be taken to incorporate this system. This research is an attempt to highlight the important aspects of a (PG) system that can be readily implemented without the need for expensive equipments. It includes the development of a Performance based System employing the conventional test methods and available nomographs from literature. It also, shows how climatic data, traffic data, and asphalt binder properties

The high strength concrete is characterized by its high strength, low porosity and good performance
under aggressive environmental conditions. The paper presents some factors affecting the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test results for high strength concrete such as water/ cement ratio, type of aggregate, frequency level of transducers, dimension of the specimens and path length. An experimental equation has been derived for the prediction of compressive strength of high strength concrete from pulse velocity, which can be used for the estimation of strength. It provides more reliable prediction and can be used in precast concrete factories manufacturing precast concrete girders for bridges

Many researchers recommended Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) to be use for the purpose of
stiffness profile determination of existing pavement. Several sources of uncertainties contribute to
the inaccuracies in moduli obtained in this manner. these include: 1) the measured parameters
(deflection basin and FWD load), 2) the back calculation model, and 3) the pavement parameters, such as Poisson's ratio and thickness of each pavement layer . In the present study the influence of the variation in the thickness and other pavement parameters on the backcalcuted moduli are investigated .Theoretical deflection basins were generated for different pavement structure using program Mich-pave. Mich-back program was then utilized to backc

A high settlement may take place in shallow footing when resting on liquefiable soil if subjected to earthquake loading. In this study, a series of shaking table tests were carried out for shallow footing resting on sand soil. The input motion is three earthquake loadings (0.05g, 0.1g, and 0.2g). The study includes a reviewing of theoretical equations (available in literatures), which estimating settlement of footings due to earthquake loading, calibration, and verification of these equations with data from the shaking table test for improved soil by grouting and unimproved soil. It is worthy to note that the grouting materials considered in this study are the Bentonite and CKD slurries. A modification to the seismic set

This paper studies the validity and accuracy of the seismic design force recommended by AASHTO for single span bridges. A parametric study for single steel girder bridges is presented, included the effect of span length and elastomeric bearing and lateral bracing (cross-frame) stiffness. The results of simplified AASHTO method are compared with response spectrum and time history analysis. Also studying the seismic design reqiurements for continuous steel girder bridges in seismic performance category (A), included the effect of span length, seismic zone, effect of elastomeric bearing and cross-frame stiffness and bridge skew on their seismic responses. It is concluded that the AASHTO simplified analysis method for single span bridges und

Base isolation systems have become a significant element of a structural system to enhance reliability during an earthquake. One type of base isolation system is Friction Pendulum Bearing in which the superstructure is isolated from the foundation using specially designed concave surface and bearing to allow sway under its own natural period during the seismic events. This study presents the finite element analysis of Friction Pendulum System (FPS) of a multi-story building and without base isolation, subjected to two real different earthquakes (El Centro & Loma Prieta) by use engineering program (ETABS Nonlinear version 9.5). Comparing with the available experimental data, the application of the current model gives close prediction.

Stratified three-phase flow through horizontal pipe has been studied experimentally. The
fluids used in the system are water, kerosene, and air. A closed loop flow system, which composed
of 0.051 m inside diameter and 4 m length test pipe, is designed with facilities for measuring flow
rate, pressure drop and thickness of each phase.
The effects of gas, liquid flow rates and water liquid ratio (WLR) have been experimentally
observed. It was found that liquid (water, and oil) thickness decreased when the gas flow rate is
increased with constant liquid flow rate, and increased when the liquid flow rate is increased at
constant gas flow rate. Pressure drop increased when the gas and/or liquid flow rate is increased.

Physical adsorption by nitrogen gas was studied on seven commercial platinum reforming catalysts
(RG-402, RG-412, RG-432, RG-451, RG 422,RG-482, PS-10), four prepared platinum catalysts
(0.1%Pt/alumina, 0.2 %Pt/alumina, 0.45 %Pt/alumina and 0.55% Pt/alumina), and -alumina
support.
Physical adsorption was carried out by using Accelerated Surface Area and Porosimetry (ASAP
2400 device) at 77 K .
The results indicate that the surface area in genaral decreases with increasing platinum
percentage,high platinum loaded (0.45% and 0.55%) it was found that the percent increasing in
surface area was lower than those obtained for low platinum loaded catalysts , and at very higher
platinum loading 0.6 %Pt , some reduction

A case study had been made to investigate the reasons of the repetitive failure during concrete tiles
testing. Cubes, cylinders, and prisms in addition to full-scale concrete tiles had been prepared. Half of these samples were made using the same popular concrete mix. Test results indicated that, these samples were below standard requirements. The second half of the test samples was prepared using a newly designed concrete mix. Based upon the recommended breaking load, the required flexural strength of the tiles was calculated. This mix was designed to comply a flexural strength that was recommended by specifications. Care had been also concentrated on aggregate grading and concrete curing. Tests showed positive results. In spite of t

The transient performance (acceleration and deceleration) analysis of turbojet gas turbine engire has been carried out in the present work. Transient simulation of the engines is based on the compatibility of flow and rotational speed but not of work. Gas turbine simulation is a general- purpose simulation developed for steady state (matching) study. Matching is achieved by zeroing the difference in mass flow rate of adjacent components, and work of compressor-turbine pairi Steady state is taken as an initial condition for transient simulation of the engine. The factors indicating engine limits such as surge margin, engine maximum temperature, and combustion chamber flameout that affect transient response has been studied. The results sh

This paper will be present the success of using the World Wide Web as a platform for electronic commerce and explain the necessary security mechanisms for it, Also we will propose a new approach dealing with pre and post sales support activities by using the electronic media as integral and very important parts of the business process that can be implemented to our Iraqi small and medium enterprises.

Before corresponding points in photos taken with two cameras can be used to recover distances to
objects in a scene, one has to determine the position and orientation of one camera relative to the
other. This is the classic photogrammetric problem of aerotriangulation. Iterative methods for
determining X,Y,Z ground positions for unknown points using aerotriangulation process, were
developed long ago; without them we would not have most of the topographic maps we do today.
Described here in this research a simple iterative scheme for recovering relative orientation process
then applying intersection problem (vector method) using the condition of coplanarity, out of the
usual for photogrammetrists in using the familiar

يناقش البحث طبيعة العلاقة بين مفهوم الهوية الذي يوحي بالثبات والتكرار ومفهوم الإبداع الذي يوحي بالتجدد والتغير، ويتقصى المشكلة الناجمة من إدراك التعارض بينهما. ويفترض البحث أن العمل الأصيل للمعماري كذات ومصمم له شخصية وإنتماؤه يحمل هويته ويدسم

بالإبداع.

ويتحقق الإبداع في عمله بتحقيق التوازن بين مستويين: مستوى الفكر ومستوى النتاج الفيزياوي الذي تتضح به علاقة شكل مادة والتي تدرك بالحس البشري ينقصى

Despite the history of Baghdad city extends into a long history, most of the contemporary buildings of Baghdad have been shaped in the era of modernity. Furthermore, most of the buildings of modernity in Baghdad are types of modernity buildings in Iraq as a whole, and due to all the joints of change and development are taking place in Iraq starts from Baghdad. Accordingly, all selected buildings, which would be presented as case studies of modernity will be exclusively in Baghdad. Although the importance of this significant modernist product, which represents the identity of Baghdad, which should be preserved by the renewal and preservation policies, the problem of research was emerged as follow: new fin