The present work aimed to study the efficiency of nanofiltration (NF) and reverseosmosis (RO) process for water recovery from electroplating wastewater and study the factors affecting the performance of two membrane processes. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosismembranes are made from polyamide as spiral wound module. The inorganic materials ZnCl 2 CuCl2 .2H2O, NiCl.2.6H2O and CrCl3.6H2O were used as feed solutions. The operating parametersstudied were: operating time, feed concentrations for heavy metal ions, operating pressure, feed flow rate, feed temperature and feed pH. The experimental results showed, the permeateconcentration increased and water flux decreased with increase in time from 0 to 70 min. Thepermeate concentrations incre

The planning, designing, construction of excavations and foundations in soft to very soft clay soils are always difficult. They are problematic soil that caused trouble for the structures built on them because of the low shear strength, high water content, and high compressibility. This work investigates the geotechnical behavior of soft clay by using tyre ash material burnt in air. The investigation contains the following tests: physical tests, chemical tests, consolidation test, Compaction tests, shear test, California Bearing Ratio test CBR, and model tests. These tests were done on soil samples prepared from soft clay soil; tyre ash was used in four percentages (2, 4, 6, and 8%). The results of the tests were; The soil samples which

In this study, simply supported reinforced concrete (RC) beams were analyzed using the Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM). This is a powerful method that is used for the treatment of discontinuities resulting from the fracture process and crack propagation in concrete. The mesoscale is used in modeling concrete as a two-phasic material of coarse aggregate and cement mortar. Air voids in the cement paste will also be modeled. The coarse aggregate used in the casting of these beams is a rounded aggregate consisting of different maximum sizes. The maximum size is 25 mm in the first model, and in the second model, the maximum size is 20 mm. The compressive strength used in these beams is equal to 26 MPa.

The subje

Permanent deformation (Rutting) of asphalt  pavements which appears in many roads in Iraq, have caused a major impact on pavement performance by reducing the useful service life of pavement and creating services hazards for highway users. The main objective of this research is investigating the effect of some contributory factors related to permanent deformation of asphalt concrete mixture. To meet the objectives of this research, available local materials are used including asphalt binder, aggregates, mineral filler and modified asphalt binder. The Superpave mix design system was adopted with varying volumetric compositions. The Superpave Gyratory Compactor was used to compact 24 asphalt concrete cylindrical specimens. To collect t

In this study, a different design of passive air Solar Chimney(SC)was tested by installing it in the south wall of insulated test room in Baghdad city. The SC was designed from vertical and inclined parts connected serially together, the vertical SC (first part) has a single pass and Thermal Energy Storage Box Collector (TESB (refined paraffin wax as Phase Change Material(PCM)-Copper Foam Matrix(CFM))), while the inclined SC was designed in single pass, double passes and double pass with TESB (semi refined paraffin wax with copper foam matrix) with selective working angle ((30^o, 45^o and 60^o). A computational model was employed and solved by Finite Volume Method (FVM) to simulate the air i

A Longitudinal opening is used to construct hollow core beam is a cast in site or precast or pre stressed concrete member with continuous voids provided to reduce weight, cost and, as a side benefit, to use for concealed electrical or mechanical runs. Primarily is used as floor beams or roof deck systems. This study investigate the behavior of six beams (solid or with opening) of dimension (length 1000 x height 180 x width120mm) simply support under partial uniformly distributed load, four of these beam contain long opening of varied section (40x40mm) or (80x40mm). The effect of vertical steel reinforcing, opening size and orientations are investigated to evaluate the response of beams. The experimental behavior based on load-deflection

A study has been done for finding the optimum separators pressures of degassing stations. The

optimum operation pressures are determined by employing Constrained Rosenbrock (1966) method using the maximum API. minimum GOR and minimum B, as objective fumetions and separators pressures as the decision variables. The optumizatien of separators pressures requires equilibriom ash dculation under difterent conditions of pressures and temperatures to determine the conditions than will sied the most stoek tunk lisquid Fquilibriam flash caléulation is achieved by solving the equation of state In the carreni study. Sonve – Redlich – Kwong (1972) and Peng Robinson (1976) have neen used with the phick and volatile oils respectively. Tw

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This paper includes an experimental study of hydrogen mass flow rate and inlet hydrogen pressure effect on the fuel cell performance. Depending on the experimental results, a model of fuel cell based on artificial neural networks is proposed. A back propagation learning rule with the log-sigmoid activation function is adopted to construct neural networks model. Experimental data resulting from 36 fuel cell tests are used as a learning data. The hydrogen mass flow rate, applied load and inlet hydrogen pressure are inputs to fuel cell model, while the current and voltage are outputs. Proposed model could successfully predict the fuel cell performance in good agreement with actual data. This work is extended to developed fuel cell feedback

In this research the effect of cooling rate and mold type on mechanical properties of the eutectic
and hypoeutectic (Al-Si) alloys has been studied. The alloys used in this research work were (Al- 12.6%Si
alloy) and (Al- 7%Si alloy).The two alloys have been melted and poured in two types of molds with
different cooling rates. One of them was a sand mold and the other was metal mold. Mechanical tests
(hardness, tensile test and impact test) were carried out on the specimens. Also the metallographic
examination was performed.
It has been found that the values of hardness for the alloys(Al-12.6%Si and Al-7%Si) which poured in
metal mold is greater than the values of hardness for the same alloy when it poured in a heated

Production of biodegradable polymer matrix biocomposites that are cost effective, sustainable, and environmentally friendly with desirable properties using particles as discontinuous phase (filler) is a welcome development. In this study, bamboo particle reinforced epoxy resin matrix biocomposites were developed by stir casting method. Varied weight percentages (5 to 30 wt. %)  of  100 µm bamboo particles were added separately and blended with an epoxy resin – hardener matrix. The blends were fed into a fabricated wooden mould and allowed to cure at room temperature. After 24 hrs, the specimens were removed from the mould and subjected to microstructural examination using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Furthe

A new model equation has been constructed to estimate the liquid limit value, using the rapid one point method. Data processing was carried out in Microsoft Excel and SPSS, visualizing and using 6,210 theoretical trial points, which resulted from 135 samples along the actual flow index line, with the number of blows varying from 5 to 50 with an interval of unity. The model has two correction factors (CF), both of which are functions of the number of blows at the trial point in the test. The first CF is applied to the trial moisture content, while the second CF is applied to the previously estimated liquid limit. This technique was checked against real data points. For estimating the liquid limit for a large range of blow

This paper presents a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) high-coupled nonlinear model of a twin-rotor aerodynamic system (TRAS). An optimal sliding mode controller (SMC) is proposed to control the TRAS system. Two optimization algorithms, namely Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), are used to tune the SMC’s parameters. Which are effectively implemented in this controller. The simulation results are given to demonstrate its effectiveness. To evaluate the performance of the proposed controller, a comparison with a previous study—that used Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithms—has been conducted. The results of the proposed cont

Roller compacted concrete (RCC) is a concrete of no slump, no reinforcement, no finishing, and compacted using vibratory roller. When compared with conventional concrete, it contains less water content
when compared to traditional concrete. The RCC technique achieves significant time and cost savings during the construction of concrete. This study demonstrates the preparation of RCC slab of (38 ×38× 10) cm
samples by using roller compactor which is manufactured in local markets. The Hydrated lime additive is used to study the mechanical and physical properties of that RCC slab samples. This investigation is divided
into two main stages: The First stage consists of hammer compaction method with two gradation of aggregate, dense

In this paper, soil – pore fluid behavior of a silo under an earthquake loading is investigated. To predict the
response of the silo with the soil surrounding it, ‘the linear-elastic constitutive model’ is adopted with soil
properties; shear modulus and damping ratio; are strains and cycle independent.
A computer program using dynamic stiffness matrix analyses (DSMA) for predicting and analyzing the
model was established using FORTRAN coding. The program is based on geophysical values (such as primary velocity (vp), shear velocity (vs), modulus of elasticity (E), mass density (), shear modulus (G),….etc). The values were obtained from field test results for the soil under a silo located in Kirkuk, Iraq.
To check a

In this research, the possibility of using waste wooden materials (reed and sawdust) was studied to produce sustainable and thermal insulation lightweight building units , which has economic and environmental advantages. This study is intended to produce light weight building units with low thermal conductivity, so it can be used as partitions to improve the thermal insulation in buildings. Waste wooden materials were used as a partial replacement of natural sand, in different percentages (10, 20, 30, and 40) % . The mix proportions were (1:2.5) (cement: fine aggregate) with w/c of 0.4. The values of 28 days oven dry density ranged between (2060-1693) kg/m³.The thermal conductivity decreased from (0.745 to 0.2

Whenever a mathematical model is suggested to classing COVID-19. The population must be divided into several groups and our model has five groups namely S(t), E(t), I(t), V(t) and R(t) which represent susceptible, exposed, inflected, vaccinated and recovered individuals respectively. This model is a continuous dynamical system where the derivative is in fractional form. An analysis solution evaluates the positivity of the functions S(t), E(t), I(t), V(t) and R(t) as solutions of the system. The uniformity of the solutions of the system under consideration is also proved. And finding the equilibrium points. To get acceptable results one needs the solutions. Some of the solutions are points called equilibrium points and th

Low incoming discharge upstream of Samarra-Al Tharthar System leads to sediment accumulation and forming islands, especially an island upstream of Al Tharthar Regulator. This island and the sedimentation threaten the stability of the structure and reduce the efficiency of the system. This study aims to hydraulically identify the sedimentation problem mentioned above, to find solutions of how to control the sediment problems, and to develop the capacity of
the system for 500 years return period flood of 15060 m3/s. Surface Water Modeling System (SMS10.1) with two dimensional depth average models (RMA-2) software were used to simulate and analyze the system. The results of analysis showed that the maximum permissible discharge through t

The effect of applied current on protection of carbon steel in 0.1N NaCl solution (pH=7) was investigated under flow conditions (0-0.262 m/s) for a range of temperatures (35-55°C) using rotating cylinder electrode. Various values of currents were applied to protect steel from corrosion, these were Iapp.=Icorr., Iapp.=2Icorr. and Iapp.=2.4Icorr. under stationary and flow conditions. Corrosion current was measured by weight loss method. The variation of protection potential with time and rotation velocity at various applied currents was assessed. It is found that the corrosion rate of carbon steel increases with rotation velocity and
has unstable trend with temperature. The protection current required varies with temperature and it inc

In several developing countries, the increasing request for housing and budgetary constraints have directed governments to search new ways of housing delivery. Many governments adopted an option partnership with the private sector commonly referred to as Public Private Partnership (PPP). The purpose of this study was to investigate the most important legal and political, government support Factors affecting the Implementation of PPPs in residential investment ventures in Iraq thereby reducing the housing deficit in the country. An inclusive research technique comprising a written review, interviews/discussions with decision-makers, professional experts, and seasoned practitioners, as well as a questionnaire, was used to

Moisture damage is the most commonly occurring problem, causing layers of asphalt pavements to break apart, reducing the serviceability of roads. The utilization of recycled polymer in asphalt mixtures has become popular because it may offer environmental benefits. The present study aims to investigate how the use of recycled polypropylene (RPP) can reduce the moisture susceptibility of hot mix asphalt (HMA). Asphalt binders were modified with three different concentrations of recycled polypropylene: 1%, 3%, and 5% by weight of the bitumen. The Marshall mix design method was utilized to establish the optimal asphalt content for the specific aggregate gradation both the control and modified mixtures were tested for moistu

Solid waste generation and composition in Baghdad is typically affected by population growth, urbanization, improved economic conditions, changes in lifestyles and social and cultural habits.

A burning chamber was installed to burn cellulosic waste only. It was found that combustion reduced the original volume and weight of cellulosic waste by 97.4% and 85% respectively.

A batch composting study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of co-composting organic food waste with the cellulosic bottom ash in three different weight ratios (w/w) [95/5, 75/25, 50/50].

The composters were kept in controlled aerobic conditions for 7 days. Temperature, moisture, and pH were measured hourly as process succe

The main objective of resources management is to supply and support the site operation with necessary resources in a way to achieve the required timing in handing over the work as well as to achieve the cost-realism within the budget estimated. The research aims to know the advantage of using GIS in management of resources as one of the new tools that keep pace with the evolution in various countries around the world also collect the vast amount of spatial data resources in one environment easily to handled and accessed quickly and this help to make the right decision regarding management of resources in various construction projects. The process of using GIS in the management and identification of resources is of extreme importance in t

The Weather Generation Model “LARSWG” and hydrological Model “SWAT” used in this study to estimate the quantity of future surface runoff in the Sahiliya Valley located within the Iraqi western desert. The weather data for the last ten years used as input in the LARSWG model to generate future weather data under the effect of climate change. In this model, the statistical test analysis done automatically, with two statistical test values, the (KS-value) test and the (p-value) test. The results of these tests are equal or close to zero (0.0) for KS-values, and equal or somewhat close to one (1.o) for p-values, which means the LARS-WG model is perfect for generating rainfall and temperature, and is more suitable in

Optimal design of three links and four links serial manipulator involves striking a balance between an
appropriate link length, radius, link exact end effecter deflection and the amount of stress induced in each
link. Optimization has been applied for getting a minimum robot weight through making the robot arm
section tapered while keeping the first link as cylindrical tube as it represent the robot base only. The
synthesis optimization problem involves setting up guess values for links length and radius subjected to
constraints of deflection, stress and geometric constraints of total robot length. The optimization process
focuses on minimization of robot weight as an objective function, the guess values has taken from

The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of corrosive environment (corrosive ferric chloride of 1, 2, 5, 6% wt. at room temperature), immersion period of (48, 72, 96, 120, 144 hours), and surface roughness on pitting corrosion characteristics and use the data to build an artificial neural network and test its ability to predict the depth and intensity of pitting corrosion in a variety of conditions. Pit density and depth were calculated using a pitting corrosion test on carbon steel (C-4130). Pitting corrosion experimental tests were used to develop artificial neural network (ANN) models for predicting pitting corrosion characteristics. It was found that artificial neural network models were shown to be

In this paper, integrated quantum neural network (QNN), which is a class of feedforward

neural networks (FFNN’s), is performed through emerging quantum computing (QC) with artificial neural network(ANN) classifier. It is used in data classification technique, and here iris flower data is used as a classification signals. For this purpose independent component analysis (ICA) is used as a feature extraction technique after normalization of these signals, the architecture of (QNN’s) has inherently built in fuzzy, hidden units of these networks (QNN’s) to develop quantized representations of sample information provided by the training data set in various graded levels of certainty. Experimental results presented here show that

HCl is separated from HCl –H₂SO₄  solution by membrane distillation process(MD). The flat –sheet membranes made from polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polypropylene (pp.). Plate and frame these types of membrane where used in the process. The feed is a mixture of HCl and H₂SO₄ acids compositions depended on metals treated object.HCl concentration increased in the permeate during the process but sulfuric acid increased gradually in the feed .During the concentration of solution acids concentrations in the feed at the beginning were 50 g/dm³ of sulfuric acid and 50 g/dm³ of hydrochloric acid at 333K feed temperature the permeate flux was 71 dm

تم في هذا البحث دراسة تأثير حامض الكبريتيك بتراكيز 10% و %50% و 98% على الخصائص الجيوتكنيكية للتربة العربية الطينية التي تم جلبها من منطقة المسبب من خلال إضافة حامض الكبريتيك بالتراكير المبينة اعلاء بنسبة 200% إلى التربة مع أضافة ماء بنسب متغيرة ولفترات الصباح ۰ و ۳ و ۷ و ۱۵ ) يوم ، وتم دراسة تصرف التربة المرصوصة من خلال فحص الاحمام بأتجاه واحد. ووجد من خلال الدراسة أن تعرض التربة العرينية الطينية للتلوث بالحامض يؤدي

The effect of longitudinal vibration on the laminar forced convection heat transfer in a horizontal tube was studied in the present work. The flow investigated is an internal, laminar, incompressible, developing, steady and oscillatory flow. The vibration vector was parallel to the fluid flow direction. The boundary layer was studied in the entrance region for Prandtl numbers greater than one and the hydrodynamic boundary layer grows faster than thermal boundary layer. The governing equations which used were momentum equation in the axial direction, continuity and energy equation. The finite difference technique was introduced to transform the partial differential equations into algebraic equations and the later equations were solved usi