Housing planning is one of the most important subjects in the housing sector studies. It
is wide and has many branches . .
Housing planning according to the cost and social benefit is the solution to prevent the
escalating rise in Housing shortage .
This fact is combined with which is estimated at more than three million housing unit .
And big a reduction in housing construction rate , which lead to increase the housing problem
in the country. This matter needs a clear policy from the authorities to accelerate the planning
process and to adopt that strategy to solve the housing problem in Iraq.
This strategy should adopt the principal of constructing low – cost housing complexes
through the

Different methods of encryption that are widely used in smart card have been presented. Because of the usefulness and widespread application of Food Ration Card throughout our country, three models of designing and simulations are developed. A comparison between the different models is done. The first model is the Food Ration Card without using any security method. The second model is the Food Ration Card with using an AES algorithm as a security method. The third model is the Food Ration Card with using RSA method. All models are implemented and simulated using  BasicCard Development kit Environment. For the first model, a Compact BasicCard version ZC1.1 is used. While for the second and third models, a Professional BasicCard versi

This paper reports the conversion of a large unsignalised roundabout (HURIYA SQUARI!) relatively close to the University of Baghdad campus to a signalized intersection. The study focused on reduction of vehicle delay and queue length at this  intersection area. During the course of this research project, two software packages for the analysis and design of isolated intersection, SIDRA (Akcelik, R.1986 and 1991) and HCS (Transportation Research Board, National Research Council 1994) were available. A trial site selected and the observed dara used in the evaluation of the SIDRA and HCS outputs. The evaluation process indicated that SIDRA produce vehicle delay, which is reasonably consistent with the observed vehicle dela

Knapsack problems are a class of common but difficult (NP-complete or NP -hard) problems. Since, it is believed that no knapsack problem algorithm can be constructed whose computation time optimality increases as any polynomial function of the problem size. There is a variety of knapsack-type problems in which a set of entities, together with their values (profits) and sizes, is given, and it is desired to select one or more disjoint subsets so that the total of the sizes in each subset does not exceed given bounds and the total of the selected values is maximized. Diploid representation and dominance operator are advanced operators that attempt to improve upon the power of traditional genetic algorithms. Pseudo Meiosis Genetic Algorithm

Experimental and theoretical studies have been carried out to study the adsorption of methane and carbon dioxide on 5A molecular sieve. Adsorption equilibrium isotherms of methane and carbon dioxide are reported for the temperature range 303– 333 K and pressure up to 2.5MPa. Experimental data were obtained using a static system for gas–solid adsorption. The Langmuir adsorption equilibrium equation gave
good predictions. Adsorption of methane and carbon dioxide on 5A molecular sieve is purely physical since the isosteric heat of adsorption was found to be equal to 14.804 and 37.218 kJ mole-1 for methane and carbon dioxide, respectively.

The aesthetic and architectural shapes of the beam-column elements may enhance the elements strength depending on the maximum and minimum bending moments effect. Therefore, the stability value of the non-linear taper member in concave configuration may be more efficient than linear taper or prismatic members. The modified stability functions will be obtained from the solution of the basic differential equation, where this basic differential equation depends on the non-linearity factor of the beam-column shape and the shape factor of the cross-sectional area. These two factors, multiplied by others, produce the modified shape factor, which affects the results of the basic differential equation solutions.

Roller compacted concrete (RCC) is a concrete compacted by roller compaction. The concrete mixture in its unhardened state must support a roller while being compacted. The aim of this research work was to investigate the behavior and properties of roller compacted concrete when constructed in the laboratory using roller compactor manufactured in local market to simulate the field conditions. The roller compaction was conducts in three stages; each stage has different loading and number of passes of the roller. For the first stage, a load of (24) kg and (5) passes in each direction had been employed. For the second stage, a load of (104) kg and (10) passes in each direction were conducted. Finally, at the third stage, a load of (183) kg a

In this study, thermal characteristics of a two-phase closed heat pipe were investigated experimentally and theoretically. A two-phase closed heat pipe (copper container, Fluorocarbon FC-72 (C6F14) working fluid) was fabricated to examine its performance under the effect of input heat flux range of 250–1253 W/m2 , 70% fill charge ratio and various tilt angles. The temperature distribution along the heat pipe, input heat to evaporator section, and output heat from condenser were monitored. A comprehensive mathematical model was developed to investigate the steadystate heat transfer performance of a two-phase closed heat pipe. A steady state analytical model, is presented to determine important parameters on the design of two-phase close

The effect of considering the third dimension in mass concrete members on its cracking behavior is investigated in this study. The investigation includes thermal and structural analyses of mass concrete structures. From thermal analysis, the actual temperature distribution throughout the mass concrete body was obtained due to the generation of heat as a result of cement hydration in
addition to the ambient circumstances. This was performed via solving the differential equations of heat conduction and convection using the finite element method. The finite element method was also implemented in the structural analysis adopting the concept of initial strain problem. Drying shrinkage volume changes were calculated using the procedure sug

The dynamic response of foundation rest on collapsible soil in dry and soaked states is studied through wide experimental programmed. Gypseous soil from Tikrit governorate area was obtained and subjected to various physical and chemical analysis to determine its properties. Steel rectangular footing (400x200x20) mm is manufactured. The machine is fitted to the footing, then the model machine foundation is placed centrally over the prepared soil layer in steel container (1200x 1000x1000)mm with proper care to maintain the center of gravity of whole system lie in the same vertical line with container.Then, the footing is subjected to vertical harmonic loading using a rotating mass type mechanical oscillator to simulate different dynamic lo

Fine aggregates used for concrete works in Sulaymaniyah city frequently fail to meet the standard requirements for gradation and fineness modulus in cement concrete. This paper aims to critically evaluate gradation, fineness modulus, and clay contents of various natural sands produced and used for concrete work in the region.  Sixteen field sand samples were collected from various sites in Darbandikhan (5 samples), Qalat Dizah (5 samples), Koysinjaq (5 samples), and Piramagroon (1 sample) confirming to ASTM D75. The field samples were parted into test specimens based on ASTM C702. Then, sieve analysis was carried out on the oven-dry test specimens in compliance with ASTM C136. The test results of fine aggregates wer

A static analysis of cellular plate structures of linearly varying depth is presented by using the
simplified grillage method. The cellular plate structure in this study consists of top and bottom
flange plates (non-parallel) separated by longitudinal webs having varying depth. A variational
formulation of thin-walled beam element with linearly varying depth has been carried out for the
derivation of the stiffness matrix of the grillage members for various warping restraint effects. The
effect of warping restraint in stiffness is included by two methods, firstly; the implicit method
(through the torsional constant) and secondly; by the explicit method (as independent warping
degree of freedom). Two diff

In this paper, the transient flow in a rectangular open channel has been studied for different conditions. The velocity and depth of water have been calculated at different sections in the channel. A computer program (Channel) was developed to solve the mathematical model using characteristic method .The initial conditions have been calculated using Runge-Kutta method.

In the present study, the effect of new cross-section fin geometries on overall thermal/fluid performance had been investigated. The cross-section included the base original geometry of (triangular, square, circular, and elliptical pin fins) by adding exterior extra fins along the sides of the origin fins. The present extra fins include rectangular extra fin of 2 mm (height) and 4 mm (width) and triangular extra fin of 2 mm (base) 4 mm (height). The use of entropy generation minimization method (EGM) allows the combined effect of thermal resistance and pressure drop to be assessed through the simultaneous interaction with the heat sink. A general dimensionless expression for the entropy generation rate is obtained by con

In this paper, a Modified Weighted Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (MW-LEACH) protocol is implemented to improve the Quality of Service (QoS) in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) with mobile sink node. The Quality of Service is measured in terms of Throughput Ratio (TR), Packet Loss Ratio (PLR) and Energy Consumption (EC). The protocol is implemented based on Python simulation. Simulation Results showed that the proposed protocol provides better Quality of Service in comparison with Weighted Low Energy Cluster Hierarchy (W-LEACH) protocol by 63%.

This investigation presents an experimental and analytical study on the behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams before and after repair. The original beams were first loaded under two points load up to failure, then, repaired by epoxy resin and tested again. Three of the test beams contains shear reinforcement and the other two beams have no shear reinforcement. The main variable in these beams was the percentage of longitudinal steel reinforcement (0, 0.707, 1.061, and 1.414%). The main objective of this research is to investigate the possibility of restoring the full load carrying capacity of the reinforced concrete deep beam with and without shear reinforcement by using epoxy resin as the material of repair. All be

This paper aims to study the biosorption for removal of lead, cadmium, copper and arsenic ions using algae as a biosorbent. A series of experiments were carried out to obtain the breakthrough data in a fluidized bed reactor. The minimum fluidization velocities of beds were found to be 2.27 and 3.64 mm/s for mish sizes of 0.4-0.6 and 0.6-1 mm diameters, respectively. An ideal plug flow model has been adopted to characterize the fluidized bed reactor. This model has been solved numerically using MATLAB version 6.5. The results showed a well fitting with the experimental data. Different operating conditions were varied: static bed height, superficial velocity and particle diameter. The breakthrough curves were plotted for each metal. Pb2+ s

In this paper, an experimental study was conducted to enhance the thermal performance of a double-pass solar air heater (SAH) using phase change material (PCM) for thermal storage at climatic conditions of Baghdad city - Iraq. The double-pass solar air heater integrated with thermal storage system was manufactured and tested to ensure that the air heating reserved after the absence of the sun. The rectangular cavity filled with paraffin wax was used as a latent heat storage and incorporated into the lower channel of solar air heater. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the charging and discharging characteristics of two similar designed solar air collectors with and without using phase change material at a constant

After considering engineering, economics, and supply due-date strategic decisions as the death knell for the selection of industrial machinery suppliers, the technical capability of the suppliers is one of the strategic decisions for consideration. To achieve this, necessary attributes of this strategic decision were identified in this study. These attributes include the quality of mechanics used, quality of staff used, level of research work done, level of quality control, and quality of companies patronizing the vendor. They were modelled and integrated (logic) for decision-making and then evaluated using a case study of procuring a Cocoa Liquor Press for extracting butter from the cocoa liquor using three vendors V1, V2, and V3 that p

The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) describes an indoor space condition that the wellbeing and comfortability are provided for the users. Many researchers have highlighted the importance of adopting IEQ criteria, although they are not yet well defined in the Kurdistan region. However, environmental quality is not necessary for the contemporary buildings of the Kurdistan Region, and there is no measurement tool in the Region. This research aims to develop an IEQ assessment tool for the Kurdistan region using Mixed method methodology, both qualitative and quantitative. Therefore, a Delphi Technique was used as a method initially developed as systematic, interactive forecasting on a panel of experts. Thirty-five Delphi C

In this study, pebble bed as an absorber and storage material was placed in a south facing, flat plate air-type solar collector at fixed tilt angle of (45°). The effect of this material and differ- ent parameters on collector efficiency has been investigated experimentally and
theoretically. Two operation modes were employed to study the performance of the solar air heater. An inte- grated mode of continuous operation of the system during the period of (11:00 am – 3:00 pm) and non-integrated mode in which the system stored the solar energy through the day then used the stored energy during the period of (3:00 pm – 8:00 pm). The results of parametric study in case of continuous operating showed that the maximum average temperatur

Today, there are large amounts of geospatial data available on the web such as Google Map (GM), OpenStreetMap (OSM), Flickr service, Wikimapia and others. All of these services called open source geospatial data. Geospatial data from different sources often has variable accuracy due to different data collection methods; therefore data accuracy may not meet the user requirement in varying organization. This paper aims to develop a tool to assess the quality of GM data by comparing it with formal data such as spatial data from Mayoralty of Baghdad (MB). This tool developed by Visual Basic language, and validated on two different study areas in Baghdad / Iraq (Al-Karada and Al- Kadhumiyah). The positional accuracy was asses

The growing intricacy and financial risk of residential complex projects in emerging nations require dependable decision-support tools for early investment evaluation. This research presents the design and implementation of the Residential Investment Decision Support System (RIDSS), a specialized platform based on Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA). RIDSS facilitates stakeholders to assess financial feasibility by employing economic indicators such as Return on Investment (ROI) and Profitability Index (PI), while also integrating sensitivity analysis (±10% or ±20% change in cost) and dynamic cost adjustment mechanisms. Through the application of a real case study in Iraq, the system demonstrated its capability to simulate

Smart emergency hospitals constitute a transformative model that addresses the continual challenges of traditional healthcare systems, together with delayed reaction times, elevated clinical errors, and inefficient resource utilization via the combination of superior technologies, which include Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and scientific robotics. Despite the growing body of research on medical and administrative benefits, confined interest has been paid to the architectural and spatial implications of this technology. This examines objectives to discover how clever technologies influence the architectural layout of emergency hospitals, particularly in terms of spatial configuration, operat

Despite the visual and structural integration that characterizes Islamic architecture, reflecting religious and cultural values, the expressive relationship between form and structure has not yet been systematically studied in a comprehensive manner that reveals its symbolic, functional, and aesthetic dimensions. Hence, a research problem arose in the absence of a theoretical framework that interprets this relationship as a single unit that conveys meaning and embodies identity. Therefore, this is research aiming to analyze the expressive relationship between form and structure in Islamic architecture, using the Al-Mustansiriya School as a model to uncover the mechanisms that enable form and structure to work in tandem t

Traditional concrete has gained several uses in recent decades; yet, it poses some concerns in the building business.  The weight of the product is a limitation when it is used in applications that are more specialized. As a result, the building and construction sectors were the ones to introduce the idea of lightweight concrete.  In this study, five different pumice lightweight mixtures were utilized (a reference mix that did not include any fiber, a mix that contained 1% glass fiber, a mix that contained one layer of fiber glass mesh, a mix that contained three layers of fiber glass mesh, and a hybrid mix that had both glass fiber and three layers of fiber glass mesh). Every single one of the mixtures that were used

In this research the performance of 5G mobile system is evaluated through the Ergodic capacity metric. Today, in an­­y wireless communication system, many parameters have a significant role on system performance. Three main parameters are of concern here; the source power, number of antennas, and transmitter-receiver distance. User equipment’s (UEs) with equal and non-equal powers are used to evaluate the system performance in addition to using different antenna techniques to demonstrate the differences between SISO, MIMO, and massive MIMO. Using two mobile stations (MS) with different distances from the base station (BS), resulted in showing how using massive MIMO system will improve the performance than the standar

This study is important since it investigates the effectiveness of sediment removal near hydropower intake by flushing. The method can replace the current expensive method for sediment removal by dredging. The sediment transport mechanism, maximum scour depth, volume, and scour area at the upstream of a cross-river structure model with different outlet configurations were investigated. The investigation included a series of experiments conducted in a laboratory on a 12-meter-long, 0.30-meter-wide, and 0.45-meter-deep flume. The shapes of the model outlets were circular, semicircular, and a three-quarter circle of the same diameter (D=11 cm). The cross-river structure was installed at the end of a 2 m working section with

Many researchers tried to prevent or reduce moisture damage and its sensitivity to temperature to improving the performance of hot mix asphalt because it is decreasing the functional and structural life of fixable pavement due to the moisture damage had exposed to it.

The main objective of this study is to inspect the effect of (fly ash “3%, 6%, 12%”, hydrated lime”5%, 10%, 20%” and silica fumes”1%, 2%, 4%) referring to previous research by the net weight asphalt cement as a modified material on the moisture and temperature sensitivity of hot mix asphalt. This was done using asphalt from AL-Nasiria refinery with penetration grade 40-50, nominal maximum size (12.5) mm (surface course) of aggregate and on