The chili pepper plant Capsicum annuum L. is used in processed foods and pharmaceuticals given the importance of Capsaicin; it has been produced through cell cultures of chili pepper obtained from a media known as  Murashige and Skoog (MS), which is supplied by the best concentration1.5 and 0.3 mg/L of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and kinetin (kin.), respectively, gave highest fresh and dry weights of callus, reaching (368.06,29.40) mg respectively which was significantly different from other treatments. When determining the alkaloid compound capsaicin by HPLC, Its amount in the callus was found to be 3.8 μg/g after being treated with a nano dose of 0 mg/L. an increase of 1.5 fold over the quantity in the

This study was aimed to evaluation the yield stability of twenty bread wheat genotypes that cultivated at two locations (fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences of Duhok and Zenawa district) during the 2019 - 2020 with two planting dates in each location using randomized complete block design with three replications. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed that the mean square for each of the environments, genotypes and their interactions were highly significant for all studied traits, and the variations due to the environments were greater than those of each of the genotypes and the interactions for most of the studied traits. The values ​​of broad sense he

Using modern technology is one of the most important means that affect the productivity of wheat, the achievement of profits, the increase of agricultural production, and the progress towards self-sufficiency and food serenity. Therefore, the research aims to study the effects of the use of modern technological packages on the profits efficiency of wheat farms in Iraq for the season 2016-2017 in the provinces of  (Wasit, Babylon and Diwaniyah (, through estimation a stochastic profit frontier  function and inefficiency function. The results showed that the values of the parameters were significant and positive for the durum income and were significant and negative for the parameters of the production costs (mechanizatio

Adsorption studies were performed at different initial Tetracycline (TC) and Amoxicillin (AMO) concentration, different biomass dosage and type, contact time, agitation speed, and initial pH.  In the batch mode were investigated. The optimum pH of solutions is 6.5 for TC and 5 for AMO, agitation speed 200 rpm and concentration 50 ppm. The results in FTIR showed that there were -OH and amides (N-H) and other functional groups on the surface of Cladophora and Spirulina algae. The equilibrium isotherm data were modeled with Freundlich, Temkin, and Langmuir isotherm models. The data best fitted with the Langmuir

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of different level of energy on growth, carcass traits, body composition, digestibility and some blood parameters. Twenty one Awassi lambs (4 month old and 23 kg body weight) were used and after 10 days of adaptation, the lambs were divided equally and randomly and penned individually into three treatment groups, and fed ad lib on low (10.8 T₁) medium (11.6 T₂) and high (12.3 T₃ MJ/kg DM). After 72 days of fattening, 5 lambs from each treatment were chosen and slaughtered. Results revealed that lambs of T₃ had numerically higher daily gain (189.72 g), lower dry matter intake (849.46 g), higher feed efficiency (4.7), higher dressing

This study was aimed to assess the data collected from the Iraqi North forests of Atrush, for reporting the urban forests and their status in many locations with different scales and ranges. This process was carried out by using up-to-date technology. Such technology included the economic scopes of the evaluation ecosystem, by i-Tree Eco evaluation, and the US Forest Service which helps out in such a program. The evaluation included the total carbon storage of 41 species of trees, and it was found that 27.78 t of those trees in which the value of $ 4743608.35 had an amount of gross carbon sequestration rate of 0.63 t /year and a value of $107.576.431.These results indicated that carbon storage within those trees of different species inve

Cellulose acetate (CA) is a biopolymer produced from fronds of date palm (type teperzal) which were taken from the Iraqi groves. The steps used to produce (CA); pretreatment, bleaching, acetylation and hydrolysis. Organosolv pretreatment method was used to remove high lignin content under mild and severe conditions using NaOH as a catalyst at the concentration (0.03) M. The conditions of Organosolv pretreatment were used: temperature (125 °C mild, 160 °C severe), pretreatment time 90 min, and ethanol: water ratio 40:60 wt/wt. The acetylation of cellulose with acetic acid was used to produce cellulose tri-(CTA) and di-(CDA) acetate for two ways: with treated and untreated fronds. The conditions of acetylation reaction were used:

This research aims to study and analyze the impact of agricultural policy on marketing the rice crop in Iraq for the period 2000-2020 and to identify the actual contribution of agricultural policy and its positive role, regression analysis was used by OLS method to measure the impact of agricultural marketing policy in Iraq for the period 2000-2020, and it is necessary to increase the marketed quantities in a way that helps move the price According to the supply and demand of the marketed quantities, which increases the impact of the marketed quantities on the price while reducing the government support followed as an encouraging policy. The study concluded that the production was not sufficient to cover the loca

This study was determine methamphetamine by the addition to the glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) monomer resulting from bulk polymerization formation. To acquire the highest adsorption capacity, molar ratios of the template, monomer, and cross-linking agent, as well as solvents and multiple monomers were investigated. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to analyze the Methamphetamine polymer. The elution of Methamphetamine had a small effect on the surfaces of the three-dimensional network structure. Methamphetamine was successfully eluted using a mixture of methanol and acetic acid. The Methamphetamine adsorption capacities were 3.8145 and 9.01773 mol/g (Qma

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of aqueous neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves extract in reducing the sugar level of diabetic patients in male mice. The study included four groups and 15 mice for each group. The first group represented the control group. The mice in the remaining three groups were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) at dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. The second group was considered as the induced control group for diabetic patients for comparison, while the third group of diabetic patients received neem leaves extract 250 mg/kg of body weight, and the fourth group of diabetic patients was given metformin hydrochloride 250 mg/kg of body weight.  Measured Changes in blood glucose, blood triglycerides

The research aims to measure influences of the main variables in rural poverty in Iraq during 1990 – 2019, so it used descriptive and qualitative methods to show the subject. The research reaches throw results of unit root test that all the variables were un stable in the level, but all of them were stabled after first difference. The research proved it`s hypothesis that all structural changes can lead to reduce the rural poverty in Iraq, the study explained positive relationship among the dependent variable ( per capita of national income) and independent variables ( rural population, agricultural labor, planted area of crops and the using technology), where increase by 1 % in each of the independent variables lead to  in

A field trial was conducted at Al-Mishkhab Rice Research Station at Najaf Governorate during 2015 season to assess the effects of irrigation periods and organic manure on yield and its components of two local rice varieties (Anber 33, Jasmine) under System of Rice Intensification (SRI). The experiment was conducted using split split plot arrangement with RCBD design with three replicates. The main plots were irrigation methods where practiced: continuous submerge and intermittent water application where irrigation water was scheduled at two different intervals 3, 5 days. The sub plots were varieties (anber33,jasmin) and three amount of organic manures 0, 5, 10 ton.haˉ¹, planted under System of Rice Intensification (SRI) compare

The objective of this research was to analyze the economic impact of government intervention in the essential cereal crops for (Rice Buhooth1, and Synthetic genotype Baghdad3) by comparing the social price and private prices through adopting policy analysis matrix approach PAM and the derived parameters from it .The research was divided into two chapters; the first chapter was about field counting for the policy analysis matrix PAM and measuring the implications of the government intervention on the Rice Buhooth1. The second chapter was about explaining the field counting for policy analysis matrix PAM and measuring the implications of the government intervention impact on the second synthetic genotype Baghdad3.T

This study was conducted to evaluate the anticancer effect of Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) fruit juice on cancer cell lines (in vitro) and its antioxidant activity. Study was performed on two cancer cell lines, human cervical cancer (Hela), rhabdomyo sarcoma (RD), and rat embryogenic fibroblast (REF) as a normal cell, at concentrations of 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 µg/ml of fruit juice were measured at 24, 48, and 72-hr. with three replicates. Free radical 1,1Dyphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) was used for testing the ability as antioxidant on 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 µg/ml concentration of the loquat fruit juice. The results revealed that the  juice  of&

This study was aimed  to investigate the potential of cellulose gum as a substitute for fat in Mozzarella cheese production and evaluate its impact on the cheese's physicochemical, rheological, and sensory properties. Cellulose gum was added in different ratios of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5%, revealing treatments  A₁, A₂, A₃, A_4, and A₅ to skimmed milk, respectively. As well as the positive control treatment C+ manufactured from whole milk, there is a negative control treatment C- made from skimmed milk without cellulose gum. After processing, several tests were conducted to determine the quality of the product. Chemical tests were carried out to measure moisture,

 This study was aimed to investigate the role of glycine betaine, salicylic acid, and potassium in supporting soybean plants grown under water stress. A field experiment was conducted at Wasit Governorate during the autumn seasons of 2022 and 2023.  randomized complete block design (RCBD) with split plot using arrangement and three replications, conditions treatments of water depletion levels of 30%, 45%, and 60%. Water treatments were allocated to the main plots, While the treatments, which included A₀ (control treatment) of dry seeds and distilled water spray, A₁ (50 mmol L^-1 Glycine betaine seed soaking), A₂ (300 mg L^-1 salicylic acid spray), A₃ (50 m mol L

This study was aimed to inducing genetic variations for drought tolerance in vitro for callus three varieties Ebaa265, Ebaa99 and Bouhoth244 of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using plant tissue culture technique. An experiment was conducted  in plant tissue culture laboratory at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad during the years 2022-2023 .The experiment included the use of colchicin at concentrations of (0,2.5,5 and 7.5) mg.L^-1 and for a soaking periods of (0,4,8 and 12) hours, and mannitol at concentrations of (0,2,4 and 6) g.L^-1 using MS media. The results showed that there were significant differences in the average dry weight of callus before and after colchicin

   This study was conducted to identify the genetic diversity indicators of the secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) gene in flock of local ewe's sheep in middle of Iraq. The sample was made up of 48 ewes and the duration of the study was six months. Genetic polymorphisms were identified and four SNPs (4) variants were obtained. The average allelic abundance (Na) was 2.00, the average number of alleles affected (Ne) was 1.0539, Shannon Guide (I) 0.1163. The average allelic abundance was equal in all the variations studied (2.00) and the number of alleles affected was higher in SNP2 and SNP3, both at (1.0425) compared to SNP1 (1.0211) and SNP4 (1.1096). Obs-Hom and (0.9479) are very close to Exp- Hom and (0.9492). The individua

This study was aimed to investigate German chamomile extract's active ingredients and their antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) which was previously isolated from root canals. Chamomile hydroalcoholic extract was obtained by maceration process. Phytochemical tests and thin layer chromatography (TLC) used to detect active ingredients in the extract. Agar well diffusion method was used to compare antimicrobial effect of 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 4 extract's concentrations (100mg/mL-400mg/mL) against E. faecalis. Chamomile's anti-biofilm effect against E. faecalis biofilm was tested by microtiter plate assay with ELISA reader. Phytochemistry showed that, t

This study was carried out to investigate the phytoremediation potential of six different plant species (Melia azedaracch ,Punica granatum,Cupressus arizonica, Platanus orientalis and Platanus orientalis) in the city of Erbil mitigating heavy metal emissions of an oil refinery. The research assesses photosynthetic pigments, heavy metal concentrations (Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn, As, Pb, Co, Hg and Se) from an oil, and biochemical attributes in leaves, highlighting their responsiveness to contamination. Variations in metal levels between control and polluted sites underscore the refinery's impact, while reduced photosynthetic pigments indicate potential ramifications for plant vigor. The intricate interplay between pollution lev

This study was aimed to estimate the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by Myrtus communis L. on the expression of the adhesion genes fimH and fimA in isolates of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). The biosynthesized-ZnO NPs was characterized through several techniques including UV–vis spectral analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). For determination of MIC and sub-MIC of ZnO NPs, only 7 multi-drug resistant (MDR) and strong-biofilm producer E. coli isolates (harbored both fimH and fimA) were selected based on our previous work. Microtiter plate method was utilized

Common carp was fed at a rate of 9 ± 0.4 g/fish for a period of 56 days on four experimental diets with three replications per diet, including the addition of garlic powder to a diet containing 0 % (control diet,T1), while T2,T3 and T4 at 1.00, 1.50 and 1.75 %, respectively. Fish fed on experimental garlic-containing diet show a significantly changes (P≤ 0.05) in Packed Cell Volume and Hemoglobin as compared with the control diet. There were no significant differences in MCHC and neutrophil counted, while the albumin value of fish fed on the 2^nd diet increased significantly (P≤ 0.05) among all treatments. The values of ALT (except for diet 2) and AST decreased significantly (P≤ 0.05) compared with control diet.<

This research was aimed to investigate 16 species belonging to the genus Euphorbia in order to enrich the Iraqi flora with diagnostic characteristics of this genus depending of the surface covering of leaves, stems and floral parts. The studied species were collected from Baghdad, Najaf, Karbala, Wasit, Diyala, Irbil, Kirkuk and Basrah in the growing seasons 2019/2020. These species are: Euphorbia. shehbaziana, E. denticulate Lam, E. craspedia Boiss., E., kete, E. pulcherrima, E. cyathophora Murray. E. granulata Forssk., E. helioscopia L., E. hirta L., E. hypericifolia L., E. mi

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of elastin hydrolysates on the microbial content and sensory evaluation of ground beef refrigerated at 2°C for 12 days. The study included 10 treatments: T₁ without addition, T₂ addition (1000ppm/kg meat) and T₃ addition (500ppm/kg meat) of elastin hydrolysates produced by the elastase enzyme (E.H.E).T₄ addition (1000ppm/kg meat) and T₅ addition (500ppm/kg meat) of Elastin hydrolysates produced by the collagenase enzyme (E.H.C), T₆ addition (1000ppm/kg meat) and T₇ addition (500ppm/kg meat)of elastin hydrolysates produced by the trypsin enzyme (E.H.T), T₈ addition a

This study investigated the synergistic effect of glass wool and sephadex sperm filtration techniques on improving the low semen quality of buffalo bulls with or without antioxidants. Semen was collected for 14 weeks, evaluated weekly, and divided into 12 groups. Good and low semen have extended using a Tris extender. Good semen quality is divided into three groups [S1: Tris extender; S2: Tris + vitamins E (2 mM) and C (5 mM); S3: Tris + glutamine (20 mM) and arginine (1 mM)]. Low semen quality was divided into three main groups and subdivided into three sub-groups (S4; Tris extender; S5: Tris +vitamins E (2 mM) and C (5 mM); S6: Tris + glutamine (20 mM) and arginine (1 mM)). In the 2^nd and 3^rd main groups,

This research was aimed to investigate the prevalence of enterotoxin type A in (82) Staphylococcus aureus isolates from different sources(Pathogenic, Soil, Food, Tape water& Nasal swabs from Normal source), the results had shown the capacity of (58) isolates (70.73%) to produce the enterotoxin by using culture method (in solid and liquid medium), concerning the liquid medium, the results conducted that there was a significant differences at P£ 0.05,  among bacterial isolates in the amount of produced enterotoxin in terms of optical density. By using serological ELISA  specific kit, the results had confirmed the ability of (47) bacterial isolates(57.32%)  to produce en

The study was carried out during the growing season 2013 in a private orchard in Diyala on pomegranate trees Punica granatum L. cv. Salimy which were nine old  years, all trees that chosen had uniform in size and growth were trained on three trunk and planted at 4×4m  to study the effect of three levels of potassium sulfate (0, 1500, 3000 mg.K.L^-1) and three levels of Zinc (0, 500, and 1000 mg.Z.L^-1) and three levels of Gibberellic acid (GA₃) (0, 20 and 40 mg.L^-1) on leaf and peel content  of mineral elements, A factorial experiment with three replicate was carried out according to the (RCBD) using one tree on experimental unit, results Can be s

A field experiment was conducted at the field of Field Crop .Dept., College of Agric/Univ.of Baghdad .It was included five Inbreds {ZM34(ZE),ZM60,ZM19,ZM49W3E and CDN5}.That were given number (1,2,3,4,5) .Inbreds were  tested for general and specific combining ability by using full dialle. Inbreds were planted in spring 2013 and at anthesis  crossing between inbreds all possibilities were carried out In fall season of 2013 ,varietal trail for crosses and parents were conducted using RCBD with four replications to evaluate crosses and parents and estimate some genetic parameters. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences   for all traits ,plant high, leaves no.  leaf  area index ,ea

 Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of tillage, crop residues and crop rotation on productivity of clover, maize and mung bean, at the experimental research station of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad in Aljadriya, Baghdad – Iraq during two seasons of 2021-2022. 1^st trail was with two factors: residues (0%R and 100%R) and tillage (minimum (MT) and conventional (CT)) with four replicates. Results indicated the best values of height and dry matter yield were (70.25 cm and 5.558 Mg ha^-1) for (100%R+MT) compared with (65.5 cm and 4.985 Mg ha^-1) for (0%R+CT) respec

This study was conducted to investigate the impact of adding ajwain seeds to the rations of the growing Ossimi ram lambs on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen liquor fermentation, and blood biochemical parameters. A total of 15 ram lambs, 5-6 months of age, were randomly allocated to the 3 treatments (5 lambs each). Lambs were fed a basal diet and regarded as a control group (T1), while the second (T2) and third (T3) treatments were fed on a basal diet plus 0.2 and 0.4 % of ajwain seeds respectively. At the end of the trial (150 days), three sheep from each treatment were used for a fourteen-day digestibility trial. Feed intake was similar for all groups. The treated groups exhibited higher (P<0