Fusarium wilt is one of the most important diseases that affects various plants and is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Fusarium wilts in tomato plants are caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), whether in fields or greenhouses. The tomato plant is considered one of the most important plants. This disease, however, affects its agricultural production. The current research aimed to diagnose Fusarium species that were isolated from infected tomato plants from different regions in Iraq by using molecular and morphological methods and to study the evolutionary relationship between the studied species, as twenty Fusarium isolates were obtained from infected tomato p

The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of the immunohistochemical expression of Special AT-rich sequence binding protein (SATB2) alone and in combination with the caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2) in colorectal cancers (CRCs) in Iraqi patients. This study's samples collection for tissue and practical work spanned twelve months, 20 December 2021 to 20 December 2022. A total of 80 male and female participants (41 CRC, 19 severe colitis and 20 controls) were examined. For each case, at least two 4-µm-thick tissue sections were cut for immunohistochemical staining with CDX2 and SATB2 immunohistochemical markers. According to the current study results all samples of CRC patients showed positive expression

The module  is cofinitely rationally closed weak supplemented module (denoted by CRCWS-module) if every cofinite rationally closed submodule of  has weak supplement submodule in . The CRCWS- module is stronger generalize of closed cofinitely weak supplemented modules. In addition, we present a rationally closed weak supplemented modules (denoted by RCWS-module) which is a stronger generalize of closed weak supplemented modules. The relationships of our concepts to other related concepts was discussed and studied, and we give the conditions that make them equivalent were given. And also, we gave the necessary condition that makes the direct sum of RCWS-module (or CRCWS-module) is RCWS-module (CRCWS-module).

The compression system typically comprises two fundamental categories: compression and decompression. Within the realm of compression, there exist two primary types: lossy compression and lossless compression. In this research, a novel lossless digital image encoding technique is presented. This method depends on performing a series of iterative mathematical transformations. The methodology of performing this method is similar to the process of performing the fractal compression algorithm, with an essential difference: the fractal pressure is classified as lossy compression, but this new method is lossless compression. It is well known that lossless compression methods produce higher-quality images than lossy methods, but they do not ach

Nowadays, remote sensing (RS) technology is being recognized as the most up-to-date data source used in land cover and land use exploration. However, the sources of RS data, the type of algorithms applied, and the study area characteristics all influence how accurately relevant thematic maps are produced. This paper aims to assess the classification performance of supervised machine learning algorithms over regions affected by dust storm depositions. To this end, SENTINEL-2 imagery across the city of Baghdad, Iraq are considered. Data preprocessing is carried out using SNAP software. Maximum Likelihood (ML), Minimum Distance (MD), Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and KD Tree KNN (KD-KNN) models are applied to produce land-use

This study included investigating red lead oxide effects on the bodies of laboratory animals (Albino mice) and how to remove or reduce the effect of this pollutant that was dosed orally using the ethanolic extract of the Moringa oleifera (MO) plant. In the study, 40 adult male mice were used. At an average age of 8-10 weeks and with 21-29 grams average weight, the animals were randomly distributed among four groups with 10 mice/group. The first group M1 was the control group, the second group M2 was treated with red lead oxide only [1.25 mg/kg], while the third group M3 was treated with red lead oxide + Moringa oleifera [C1 = 8.4 mg/kg], and the last group M4 was treated with red lead oxide + Moringa oleifera [

Short-range effect on C2, C3, C4 and C5 form factors in the ⁹⁰Zr atomic nucleus was scrutinized. The charge density of the ⁹⁰Zr was as well as scrutinized via the 1- and 2-body parts of cluster expansion in collaboration with harmonic functions of single particle. To incorporate the short-range effect in the 2-body part of cluster expansion, the Jastrow formula was used. Here, the core-polarization and model space participations are what lead to the form factors in ⁹⁰Zr. The transition density of core polarization was calculated using the Tassie form, relying on the charge density. The elements of one body density matrix were determined by performing shell model computations using the computer code OXBASH

     The change in land cover eventually occurs as the population increases, resulting in high human activities. Monitoring this change can be beneficial for territorial planning and ecosystem monitoring. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the spatial-temporal patterns and rates of land cover change in Nampula City, Mozambique, over the past three decades (1989-2020). For this purpose, data from the Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-8 OLI / TIRS satellites were applied as input to two classification systems: (1) thresholding-NDVI and MNDWI and (2) supervised classification. The results showed that the supervised classification method performed better than the thresholding system, with an overall accuracy of 92.4% and a kappa coefficient

In the realm of online information retrieval, Arabic web content presents unique challenges due to the complexity of the Arabic language and the varying quality of available materials. These complexities often confound search engines, hindering precise web page classification. This research addresses these challenges with a streamlined approach to effective online Arabic web page classification. Our strategy involves two key components: First, we employ a comprehensive text mining approach to extract valuable insights from a corpus of documents. This begins with text extraction from the online web page after providing the URL and the removal of stop words to enhance data quality. Additionally, we leverage Natural Language Processing (NLP

This research aimed to explore the potential involvement of oxidative stress in the onset of migraines. The primary objective was to assess the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), which serves as an indicator of oxidative stress, as well as nitric oxide (NO), a marker for nitrosative stress, and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an indicator of endothelial dysfunction. Ninety (90) participants were recruited in this research work from the neurology department's outpatient headache clinic at Al Jumhury Teaching Hospital in Erbil city, the study consisted of (60) patients and (30) as controls. In the migraine group, there were (45) females and (15) males, while the control group was comprised of (20) females and (10) males with age

In this study, the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode was modified, physical and electrochemical characterization were studied to be used in some biosensor applications. Using the drop-casting method, functionalized Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes, Polypyrrole, and gold nanoparticles (f-MWCNTs-AuNP-PPy) were efficiently coated on the surface of an ITO electrode. Fourier transform of infrared radiation (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were utilized to describe the microscopic structure and morphogenesis of the generated films at the ITO electrode's surface. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to assess the electroanalytical performance of electrodes after modification.

In this paper, a new proper generalization of small monoform modules, namely Z-Small monoform modules is introduced and studied. An R-module C is called Z-small monoform module (ZSM module; for short), if every non-zero partial endomorphism of C has Z-small kernel.

Many operators are introduced for the approximation of real functions, but little for the approximation of complex functions. These studies are for analytic functions. 

In this article, we define a new type of Szasz-Mirakjan operator. Then we estimate the degree of approximation using this modified complex Szasz-Mirakjan operators to integrable functions on compact disks along with a quantitative estimation. Using quantitative methods, we also obtain an upper estimate in the simultaneous approximation by  and exact degrees of approximation estimation for these operators' Stancu-type generalization.

A Weather Wireless Sensor Network (WWSN) has many limitations related to node throughput (NT), node power (P), and node energy (E). To address the limitations of WWSN, a mixed-byte LZW scheme is proposed. Mixed-Byte reduces the size of the sensed data by merging every two readings of data from the sensor into a single byte. The merged bytes would be highly frequent, which made them appropriate for compression by the Lempel Ziv Welsh (LZW) scheme. The result shows that the proposed Mixed-Byte-LZW gives the best compression ratio (CR) (0.01) for humidity and the best saving compressing rate (SR) (99%) for humidity and pressure. The simulated result shows that the Mixed-Byte-LZW scheme gives the best NT (580 Kbps) for humidity, the highest

     In this work, the Banach contraction principle is generalized to a new formula. Then, it is used to give the  guarantee conditions for the existence of common fixed point for set valued mappings defined on complete partial b-metric spaces. In addition, some results in connection with  the existence of a  fixed point for a set-valued mapping defined on a partial b-metric space are given. Some  examples are established to illustrate  our results.

Stability in the atmosphere is the most important factor in the transport and dispersion of air pollutants. There are a number of complicated methods for determining stability. The majority of these methods are based on the amount of convective and mechanical turbulence in atmospheric motions, such as the Richardson number, Monin-Obukhov length, Pasquill-Gifford stability classification, and Pasquill-Turner stability classification. Pasquill utilized surface-accessible meteorological information like breeze speed, sun-based radiation, and surface darkness to portray air steadiness. Baghdad territory was separated into a gathering of focuses as indicated by scope and longitude; six focuses were chosen and conveyed in a manner that address

Predicting stock prices is a challenging task due to the numerous factors that impact them. The dataset used for analyzing stock prices often displays complex patterns and high volatility, making the generation of accurate predictions difficult. To address these challenges, this study proposes a hybrid prediction model that combines the salp-swarm algorithm and the artificial neural network (SSA-ANN). The SSA is used to optimize the weights and biases in the ANN, resulting in more reliable and accurate predictions. Before training, the dataset is normalized using the min-max normalization technique to reduce the influence of noise. The effectiveness of the SSA-ANN model is evaluated using the Yahoo stock price dataset. The results show t

This research proposed a 5.0 MW wind power project at the Al-Shihabi site in Iraq. The wind speed was collected from the Al-Shehabi metrological station at heights 10, 30, 50, and 52 m with 10-minute time intervals; then those data were compared with the hourly wind speed measured at 50 m for one year above the ground level obtained from the NASA site. The data were modeled using the Weibull distribution function for all wind power heights. Three methods were used to estimate Weibull parameters: Maximum Likelihood, Least Squares, and WAsP, which were executed to determine the numerical values of Weibull shape parameter (k), scale parameter (c), and mean wind speed. It is concluded that the annual mean wind speeds and the annual mean wind

The digital image is considered one of the most heavily attacked and targeted data types because of its various applications and sensitive visual data. Many security techniques have been introduced to cover various image security needs, such as watermarking and steganography for intellectual property protection, authentication, and cryptography techniques for confidentiality and secrecy. In this paper, we present a technique that introduces enhancements to encryption quality and employs chaos theory to augment system robustness. The approach involves the generation of pseudo-random sequences through the utilization of the four-dimensional Lorenz system. These sequences serve a dual purpose: firstly, they facilitate image preprocessing by

Flavonoids, a wide range of phenolic compounds produced as secondary metabolites in plants, bacteria and fungi, have highly potent activities. In this study, the fungus  Gymnoascus dankaliensis was isolated in spring from sheep dung samples, and itsability to produce a secondary metabolite was investigated. The fungal secondary metabolite was extracted, and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activitis were tested. The results showed that Gymnoascusdankaliensis, thefirst ever isolated fungus from dung in Basrah, could produce a secondary metabolite that were produced using a Solid State Ferementation SSF medium after 40 days of incubation. The bioactive compounds were extracted from the solid media by using ethyl acetate

Iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles were synthesized via an eco-friendly green approach by adding Phoenix dactylifera extract to the aqueous solution of ferric chloride. The effect of annealing temperature (Ta) (100-150) °C on particle size was studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to evaluate the produced nanoparticles. According to XRD spectra, the crystallite size of the samples was determined using the Scherrer formula. AFM and FE-SEM were used to determine surface morphology. A UV-Vis optical spectroscopic examination was carried out to determine the band gap energy of the iron oxide nano

The ecological interaction, human, geomorphological, and climatological factors lead to basin morphometry; morphometric aspects could be used as evidence for understanding the nature of these factors in terms of active dominant factors within the basin area. Quantitative morphometric analysis based on remote sensing imageries and GIS techniques is the best way to determine these aspects. In this research, a new approach was submitted: using Google Maps to track the Horan Valley path and region that passes through, delineating the main basins in the region, and then neglecting all basins that involve the valley only. The obtained results showed that the Horan region is a four-order basin with 213 1^st-order streams, 89 2^nd<

The lifespan of WSNs is crucial, and it primarily relies on the energy efficiency of the sensors, as their power source is often non-rechargeable and non-replaceable batteries. Addressing this issue involves carefully designing of a routing protocol that considers energy saving. This article presents a heterogeneity-aware routing protocol based on the Stable Election Protocol SEP for heterogeneous WSNs to extend the lifespan of the WSN by reducing energy consumption. The proposal employs the Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) in the cluster-forming process to determine the shortest distance between the cluster head (CH) and sensor nodes in that cluster, thereby minimizing power consumption in all later communication operations. The propos

Due to its commercial and economic significance and its adjacency to Iraq's largest university, the Al-Jadriya area in Baghdad holds vital importance. This region exhibits high population density, diverse land uses, and a wide range of land cover types. Therefore, accurately classifying the land features in this area is crucial to support decision-making and facilitate infrastructure development. This study aims to utilize remote sensing techniques and a high-resolution satellite image to classify the region. To achieve this, GIS and QGIS programs and a software package encompassing various classification methods were employed to accurately classify the features and determine the most practical classification methods for this data type.

Traditional surveillance systems rely on human attention, limiting their effectiveness. This study employs convolutional neural networks and transfer learning to develop a real-time computer vision system for automatic handgun detection. A comprehensive analysis of online handgun detection methods is conducted, emphasizing reducing false positives and learning time. Transfer learning is demonstrated as an effective approach. Despite technical challenges, the proposed system achieves a precision rate of 84.74%, demonstrating promising performance comparable to related works, enabling faster learning and accurate automatic handgun detection for enhanced security. This research advances security measures by reducing human monitoring depende

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a significant impact of genes involved in apoptosis. Hence, this study aims to assess the contribution of programmed cell death protein 4(PDCD4) miR-21, miR-449b and PDCD4 genes polymorphism in breast cancer pathogenicity. A total of 180 blood samples were collected from Iraqi women aged between 15-80 years, 120 samples were included from breast cancer patients (divided into two groups of 60 patients under treatment and 60 post treatments and recovery) then 60 healthy women as a control group. The extracted genomic DNA was amplified by PCR technique for the loci of interest and PCR products of the tested samples were genotyped using TaqMan real time

The Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HMPI) has been used to assess the quality of surface and groundwater drinking water in the Hawija region, where residents use groundwater for drinking. Forty groundwater samples were collected from the Hawija region's wells and analyzed in the Acme Laboratories in Canada. The results of this study were compared with the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) and the World Health Organization's (WHO) classification of water quality and its suitability for different uses. Five samples (12.5%) had low pollution levels during the low flow season, 26 samples (65%) had medium levels, and nine samples (22.5%) had high levels. Thirty samples, a mean of 75% of the total groundwater samples obtained during the hig

     The present study was designed to examine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CTLA4 (rs231775) and NOD2/CARD15 (rs104895467) genes profiles that are related to etiology and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in two groups of Iraqi patients (Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC)).  The frequency of the allele and genotypes were determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR-RFLP) and then confirmed by sequence analysis. For CTLA4 (rs231775) SNP comparing IBD patients to controls revealed some significant variations. The GG genotype demonstrated a significant increased incidence in IBD patients than controls (62.4vs. 0.0%; OR = 238.69; pc = 5.

     A new colorimetric-flow injection method has been developed and validated for the detection of Cefotaxime sodium in pharmaceutical formulations. This method stands out for its rapid and sensitive nature. The formation of a brown-colored complex between Cefotaxime sodium and the Biuret reagent in a highly alkaline environment serves as the basis for the detection. The intensity of this colored complex is measured using a custom-built Continuous Flow Injection Analyzer, enabling accurate quantification of Cefotaxime sodium. Optimization studies of the chemical and physical parameters such as dilution of Biuret reagent, effect of the medium basicity, flow rate, sample loop and others have been investigated. The calibration graph wa

Al-Najaf refinery produces many pollutants from fuel combustion, such as fumes and gases, which lead to heavy metal pollution in the soil. This research aims to study the pollution factors in the soil surrounding the refinery. Five soil samples were collected from different sites to analyse five heavy metals (Ni, Zn, Co, Cr, and Pb) to determine the chemical pollution level. The results found that the percentage of the metal (Co) in site No.3 was the highest due to its presence near the oil flame and toward the direction of the wind. Three different indices were applied to detect pollution levels: geo accumulation index (I-geo), pollution load index (PLI) and contamination factor (CF). The I-geo for Co, Cr, and Pb showed class 1 relative