Virus is a program which is able to replicate with little or no user intervention,
and the replicated program(s) are able to replicate further. Writing a good virus is
challenging, the best viruses are written in C language, and building as executable
file from C source code to plant virus code into another executable. The result either
prohibitively large, or very dependent on the completeness of the target installation.
Real viruses approach the problem from the other end. They are aggressively
optimized for code size and do only what's absolutely necessary. However, this has
some limitations and the solution to these limitations is complicated and makes the
virus more likely to fail. This paper

The energy backpropagation algorithm (EBP) used the net, which contains two
nodes of input layer, hidden layer and output layer. In this paper, we will use a net,
which contains three nodes and four nodes of input layer, hidden layer and output
layer. This study will compares among times of the learning, times of the
identification and times of the converging by using the three nets (2, 3 and 4 nodes)
in the Energy back propagation Algorithm. The results of experiments show the nets
which contain three nodes and four nodes have better performance for time of the
learning than the net which contains two nodes, while the net which contains two
nodes has better performance for the time of identificati

The parametric programming considered as type of sensitivity analysis. This
paper is concern on the study the effect of the variations objective function
coefficients on the optimal solution. Of the parameter value (-5 ≤ θ ≤ 50) is taken the
result, of the objective function equal zero and the decision variables are non basic,
when the parameter (θ = -5).The objective function have value maximum when the
parameter (θ= 50) and the decision variables are become basic. Whenever the
parameter value increase, the objective function value increase too.

In this paper sufficient conditions for oscillation of bounded and all solutions of
linear third order neutral delay differential equation are studied. Examples are
inserted to illustrate the obtained results

The Objective of the present work is to estimate the concentration levels of some
heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Ni and Pb) in the soil of Basra city- south of Iraq and
indicating to the probable pollution resources with these heavy metals. To achieve
this aim (35) soil samples were collected from all over Basra city as well as
comparing the concentrations of the heavy metals in soil of Basra city with their
concentrations in soils taken from (6) rural regions (Diayla, Haditha, Sinjar, Kirkuk-
Musol road, Basra-Kut road, south of Emmara city) which are far away from the
sources of pollution. Soil samples includes( industrial, commercial, residential and
agricultural) areas (one sample for each area)

The study is carried out for selected areas in the Western Desert of Iraq that are
characterized by the occurrence of iron and kaolin mineral deposits .The study aims
to create active and suitable images to detect the mineral deposits depending on the
digital image processing for satellite images using ERDAS-9 and ARC GIS 9.1
software. The study deals with ETM+ images to create image-fusion that were
processed to identify the spectral response of each of Iron and kaolin in the selected
areas. As well as available data of geological field survey were used to prepare the information layers associated with the attribute tables of the wells and quarries. The
results show good agreement between remote sensin

The mixed spin-3/2 and spin-5/2 Ising ferrimagnetic system with different
anisotropies has been investigated using the mean field approximation (MFA) .The
phase diagram of the system has also been discussed in the anisotropy dependence
of transition temperature. It is found that a reentrant ferrimagnetic phenomenon in
the ordered system depends strongly on the anisotropy of the mixture.

Dust grain in plasma is charged up by collecting electrons and ions from the
plasma, this charging process has been studied for laboratory dusty plasma. The
Orbital Motion Limited theory predicts the electron and ion currents toward the
grain, the discrete charging model uses these current values and converts it to
probabilities for collecting individual electrons and ions, this model assumed that
discrete charges will be collected at random intervals in a random sequence.
A program with FORTRAN programming language has been built to translate the
discrete model to simulate the charging process. Then, the value of the charge
number and their fluctuations as a function of time, charging time and mea

Forty five volunteers aged between 25 and 65 years ,were exposed for at least 10 years to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) induced by transmission power lines in their residential area and 15 male of similar age unexposed, away from the transmission power lines as a control group were used in this study. The electromagnetic fields (with range of 50 to 60 Hertz) were beside the homes of the volunteers. This study carried out in three different region of Baghdad and included Al –Bladyat, Hay Al-Adel and Al-Dorra region, The groups of this study were divided into three sub- groups according to the distance away from the towers of transmission power lines, (1) range: from 1 to 25 meter (2) from 25 to 50 meter (3) from 50 to 75 meter. The resu

The study includes 23 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wound
infections .The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) to each of Levofloxacin
and Ceftazidime for these isolates were determined. The results showed 11(47.8%)
isolates sensitive to both antibiotics, 5(21.7%) isolates resistant to each one of the
antibiotics and 7(30.5%) isolates appeared resistance to one of them and sensitive to
the other. Mutant Prevention Concentration (MPC) to both Levofloxacin and
Ceftazidime alone and in combination were determined to the 5 sensitive and 5
resistant isolates to both antibiotics. Mutant Selection Window (MSW) was
calculated according to the data of MPC and MIC to both levofloxacin an

The purified asparaginase from local isolate of P. aeruginosa.was immobilized
by gel entrapment using polyacrylamide,agar,sodium alginate,ionic binding on
ionexchanger using DEAE-cellulose and immobilized in gelatin by cross-linking
with glutaraldehyde.
The later method was the most efficient method for immobilization since the
immobilized enzyme retained about 53.5% of original activity of free enzyme. The
optimal pH for immobilized enzyme activity was 7.5 and the enzyme was most
stable at pH 6-8.5, while the values of optimal pH for activity and Stability of free
enzyme were 8.5 and (7.5-8) respectively. The immobilized enzyme retained its
original activity when incubated at 25-45C° for 30

 Extracellular alkaline protease production by Aspergillus niger was studied with
the presence of different carbon and nitrogen sources availability in batch culture
condition .A. niger showed better protease production in the presence of organic
nitrogen sources compare to inorganic nitrogen sources in the medium, which
consist of 1% glucose as carbon source, 1.5% casein hydrolysate as nitrogen source
and 1% Nacl at initial pH=10 on rotary shaker incubator 140 rpm at 40 ºC for 5
days.

In this study, four sampling stations were selected from two locates on the
Tigris river (Baghdad region) and others on the Euphrates river (Al-Anbar
Governorate) in order to determine concentrations, seasonal variation and pollution
intensity assessment of heavy metals (Ni, Cu, Pb, Mn and Cd) in the two rivers
sediments. Distribution of studied metals showed that stations in the Tigris river
generally had higher concentrations than stations in Euphrates river. Manganese was
found at high concentrations in all studied stations and ranged between 200 - 500
ppm, while Cd was found at the lowest concentrations and ranged between not
detected to 1.8 ppm during study period. Based on index of geoaccumul

The aim of this study was intend to study the effect of rifampicin drug on the level of liver enzymes in rabbits. Eight rabbits were used in this experiment and they were divided into two groups. The first group (control group) was administrated with 15 mg /ml/day normal saline for 35 days, while the second group (treated group) was administrated with 15 mg/ml/day for 35 days of rifampicin capsule (300 mg/kg). This study examined the influences of rifampicin drug on the concentration of Aspartate aminotransferase (ALT), Alanine aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubine and alkaline phosphates in rabbit sera. The results showed that there were a significant increase (p<0.05) in ALT concentration in rifampicin treated group compared with

The algal species Secenedesmus quadricauda was used to remove nickel ions from contaminated water (under laboratory conditions). It was exposed to different concentrations of nickel (2, 4, 6 and 8) ppm in order to measure it capacity to remove and tolerate this metal.
The results showed that the alga was able to remove this metal with percentages of
98, 53.5, 55.33 and 43% for the concentrations 2, 4, 6 and 8 ppm, respectively, in
the eighth days of the experiment period, while this ability was decreased in the
fourteen days of the experiment period to: 80, 43.25, 36.83 and 26.62 % for the
concentrations 2, 4, 6, and 8, ppm respectively, as a result of death for some algal
cells. So, it was concluded that th

The objective of the work was to study the effect of several leaves defoliation : non defoliation (control D1, defoliation of lower 25%D2, upper 25%D3, lower 50% D4, upper50% D5 of plant leaves, defoliation of 25D6, 40D7, and 50%D8 of plant leaves along the stem, and defoliation of all plant leaves. That took place at two stages of plant growth: vegetative growth to head (R1), and the period from heads opening to flowering (R4-R5), on growth of sunflower plant var.Euroflor in gypsyferous soil. The experiment was designed according to RCBD with three replications. Agricultural practices were made according to recommendations.
Results indicated that defoliation of the lower 50% of plant leaves reduced leaf content of chl. a and total

Four N-substituted maleisoimides were prepared via dehydration of the corresponding maleamic acids usingNN,- dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as dehydrating agent. The prepared maleisoimides were introduced in free radical copolymerization with three selected vinylic monomers including acrylonitrile, methylmethacrylate and methylacrylate producing new copolymers having different physical properties. Moreover three maleisoimide homopolymers were prepared via free radical polymerization of N-substituted maleamic acids followed by their dehydration with ethyl chloroformate/Et3N.
The new homopolymers and copolymers are of great importance since it contain isoimide ring in their repeating units which rearrange gradually with time and use to t

The present work includes the synthesis of different Schiff bases by the reaction of aniline with benzaldehyde and its derivatives. These Schiff bases reacted with phenoxy acid chloride to yield acetanilide derivatives. The synthesis of barbituric acid derivatives has been performed by the reaction of phenoxyacetanilide derivatives with guanidine carbonate and diethyl malonate (DEM) derivatives. Elemental analysis and FT-IR spectroscopy were used to characterize the prepared compounds.
The antibacterial activity of the products were studied in vitro using disc diffusion method against two pathogenic strains of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeuroginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) and showed high activity against both types.

Toxoplasmosis is usually asymptomatic, but can have severe consequences if it occurs in immunodeficient subject or fetuses. The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy is often based on maternal serological testing for IgM and IgG anti- Toxoplasma antibodies. Persistence of IgM for long periods, posses’ problems in distinguishing acute from chronic infection. The evaluation of specific IgG avidity enables more accurate dating, since avidity rises progressively during the course of infection.
Seventy six women in the first 16 weeks of pregnancy were screened for VIDAS IgM, IgG antibodies and VIDAS toxo-IgG avidity. Low avidity antibodies were demonstrated in 2 (33.3%) of 6 sera positive with IgM assay and 4 (12.12%) of sera pos

The present study was conducted to detect the susceptibility of six microorganisms isolated from patients suffering from urinary tract and wound infections against native honey, by the agar-well diffusion method. These isolates included: Pseudomonas sp., Klebseiila sp., Escherichia coli, Proteus sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The results showed that the bacteria isolates were resistant against most of the antibiotics uesd. Two isolates were sensitive to Amikacin and Co- trimoxazole, while all isolates were resistant to Gintamycin and Cephotaxime. In contrast, honey at 5% concentration was able to inhibit the growth of most microorganisms tested, with the exception of only Pseudomonas sp., which was inhibited at concentr

The 2001 outburst of WZ Sagittae has shown the most compelling evidence yet for an enhancement of the mass transfer rate from the donor star during a dwarf nova outburst in the form of hot-spot brightening. It has been shown that even in this extreme case, the brightening can be attributed to tidal heating near the interaction point of an accretion stream with the expanding edge of an eccentric accretion disc, with no need at all for an increase in the mass transfer rate. Furthermore, it has been confirmed previous suggestions that an increase in mass transfer rate through the stream damps any eccentricity in an accretion disc and suppresses the appearance of super-humps, in contradiction to observations. Tidal heating is expected to be

In this paper, two pairs of temporal TM, and ETM+ (28.5 spatial resolution) images have been used to detect the change in water body. The first study area was the (Mosul Aski Dam, 1984 to 2002) in the upper Jazirah (located approximately 60 km northwest of Mosul city), the geographic corners coordinates was (Lat. 36° 37´ 30˝ to 36° 55´ 00˝ N, Long. 42° 30´ 00˝ to 43° 00´ 00˝ E). The second was the area of remaining Marshland areas (Hawr Al-Hawizeh /Al-Azim, 2000 to 2002), the geographic corners coordinates was (Lat. 31° 44´ 13.62˝ to 31° 26´ 32.5˝ N, Long. 47° 27´ 0.32˝ to 47° 50´ 00˝ E), Southern East of Iraq. Image to map registration with first order polynomial has been adapted to correct images from geometric

Millisecond pulsars (MSPs) type have properties differs from normal pulsars type. In this research the characteristic age are concentrated depends on the periods (P), and period derivative (P`) for a sample stars which adopted. Also the value of characteristic age for these stars is determined by depending on the (Ostriker and Gunn) model. The relation between luminosity and the characteristic age for a sample of MSPs stars are illustrated depending on pulse periods for these stars. The results indicate that the spin down torque must decay with the characteristic age for a sample stars which adopted. Also the results for these stars at distance 1.5 kpc from the galactic disk illustrated that the decay must due to the main energy loss mec

In this work, a new color image compression scheme combining the wavelet transform and modified vector quantization (MVQ) method is proposed. In wavelet transform, the vertical and horizontal Haar filters are composed to construct four 2- dimensional filters, such filters applied directly to the image to speed up the implementation of the Haar wavelet transform. Haar wavelet transform was used to map the image to frequency bands, bit allocation process and scalar quantization are implemented on approximation sub-band while modified vector quantization mechanism employed to encode the other higher frequency subbands using small block size and decrease the codebook size as the subband number increases. Since the encoding process is much ea

Mining for associations rules between items in large transactional distributed databases is a central problem in the field of knowledge discovery. When distributed databases are merged at single machine to mining knowledge it will required large capacity of storage, long execution time in addition to that; transferring a huge volume of data over network might take extremely much time and also require an unbearable financial cost.
In this paper proposed algorithm is presented toward saving communication cost
over the network, central storage cost requirements, and accelerating required
execution time. The algorithm consist of two parts: Part one: Extracting Association
Rules for Distributed Association Rules (EAR4DAR)

Typical image cryptographic systems provide security by encrypting entire image. This has the advantage of simplicity, but does not allow for fine-grained protection of data within very large image files, which is very important in some applications where some but not all the image is sensitive or classified.
In this paper, a new method is proposed for securing parts of the image (i.e. sensitive information). The proposed method combines the Intra-File security, image inpainting and cryptography techniques to secure the sensitive parts of an image and leave the rest of the image without any changes, further more, it allows multiple levels of security for the same image without the need to have more than one copy of that image. Exper

In this paper, a new method is presented to segment the microscopic images of White Blood Cells (WBC) into cell and non-cell regions depending on the image histogram. The proposed method involves of: first, separating the captured image into its three color channels (Red, Green, and Blue) to produce three grayscale files one for each. Second, apply the histogram equalization upon the three files to obtain the white blood cells image to be segmented into white background, black nucleus with color stains inside and surrounded by cytoplasm. Experimental results show that the proposed unsupervised segmentation method have given reliable results comparable with thresholding method.

The aim of this paper is to approximate multidimensional functions feC(R) by developing a new type of Feedforward neural networks (FFNNs) which we called it Greedy ridge function neural networks (GRGFNNs). Also, we introduce a modification to the greedy algorithm which is used to train the greedy ridge function neural networks. An error bound are introduced in Sobolev space. Finally, a comparison was made between the three algorithms (modified greedy algorithm, Backpropagation algorithm and the result in (11) 

Let R be a prime ring and d. R→R be a (o,t)-derivation of R. U be a left ideal of R which is semiprime as a ring In this paper we proved that if d is a nonzero endomorphism on Rand d(R)Z(R), then R is commutative, and we show by an example the condition d is an endomorphism on R can not be excluded. Also, we proved the following.

(i) If UacZ(R) (or aUCZ(R)), for aeR), then 20 or R is commutative.

(ii) If d is a nonzero on R such that d(U)ac (R) (or ad(U)Z(R) for a∈Z(R), then either

0-0 or (1)+(U)Z(R).

(iii) If d is a nonzero homomorphism on U such that d(Uja Z(R)(or ad(U)Z(R))

for

GER, then a-0 or a()+(U)(R). 

Properties of the value function and dual value function for an optimal control problems of Lagrange and Bolza are described. A main theorem is proved, this theorem deals with the existence of a maximum solution to the Hamilton-Jacobi equation for the Lagrange problem, with satisfies the Lipschitz condition by using the dual dynamic programming method. Finally gives an example which illustrates the value of the main theorem.