Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is a major global health concern, accounting for substantial liver-related illness and death worldwide. The complex protein profile present in both blood serum and saliva is composed of numerous individual proteins, which collectively contribute to the overall protein composition of these bodily fluids. Valuable diagnostic insights can be gleaned from assessing alterations in total serum protein concentrations or variations within distinct protein fractions. Current study aimed to investigate the influence of hepatitis B disease on the matter of total protein concentration, as well as the levels of albumin and globulins, exploring the feasibility of utilizing saliva as a diagnostic fluid to monitor flu

     Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder that predominantly affects women of reproductive age, impacting their hormonal balance and fertility. The present study was conducted to evaluate the levels of neurokinin B and galanin in women with PCOS. The study recruited PCOS patients who visited infertility consultation at the Medical City of Baghdad Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq. Patients were categorized into two groups based on their body mass index (BMI): thirty healthy control women, whose average age was between 20 and 35 years, and sixty PCOS patients, who were overweight group (BMI less than 30 kg/m²) or obese group (BMI more than 30 kg/m²⁾. The diagnosis of PCOS in women was based on

A gas chromatographic technique was employed as an analytical method to detect and quantify Pyridaben residues in cucumber, leaves, and soil under controlled greenhouse conditions in Iraq, using the recommended dosage, and to estimate the residual levels of Pyridaben after household processing. The samples were extracted and purified using a modified QuEChERS method, followed by analysis using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector and mass spectrometry for determination. Method validation studies yielded recovery percentages ranging from 93.9% to 98.5%. The matrix effects (ME)−12.21%, −8.82%, −5.3% for cucumber, leaves and soil respectively. The samples exhibited no signal suppression effect in all matrices, and relativ

This study employed a green route to synthesize metal oxide nanocomposites, specifically NiO/Al₂O₃, which were subsequently used to dope poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a matrix, resulting in the formation of novel nanocomposites, namely PMMA/NiO/Al₂O₃. The nanocomposites were characterized using FE-SEM, XRD, DSC, TGA, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity tests to confirm their design, verify the nanostructured composition, and distinguishable features in poly methyl methacrylate distribution. The results of AFM for the synthesized nanostructured showed that the NiO and Al₂O₃, describe how the nanoparticles' size was in the nano scale. The biological activi

     Recurrent tonsillitis is characterized by five or more episodes of severe tonsillitis per year, which significantly impact daily life and normal activities. Superantigens (SAgs) trigger a massive response in T cells, resulting in an overwhelming release of cytokines and rapid T cell growth. Toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a substational pattern recognition receptor (PRR) for inflammation and the immune response. This study is designed to detect rs893629 in the TLR2 gene and genes encoding SAgs A, B and C in Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Additionally, the study examines the association between rs893629 and serum level of (TLR2, IFN-γ, MIF and IL-4) as a risk factor for the progression of tonsillitis. 261 patie

The impetus behind the emergence of information security was the need to send sensitive data over the often insecure Internet networks. Information and communication technology fields have used authentication to verify alleged users identities and prevent intruders from achieving their goals. However, with the increasing use of digital images in multimedia applications, particularly those requiring high levels of security, there has been a growing interest in ways to ensure their safety. A secret key was generated randomly to add to the proposed encryption system, increasing its complexity to preserve privacy and reduce the influence of intruders. Our method uses a reversible logical approach for security and privacy based on discrete co

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disorder associated with a chronic inflammatory process that can impact the joints as well as non-articular organs such as the heart, kidney, lung, digestive tract, eye, skin, and neurological system. This study was conducted at Private Nursing Hospital and Al Kadhimiya Educational Hospital, where blood samples were collected from 122 Iraqi women; seventy-fiveof them were apparently healthy controls whileforty-sevenwere patients who had long-standing RA. B-type natriuretic peptide(BNP) and interleukin-35(IL-35)wereevaluated utilizing an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Also, total cholesterol, triglyceride, andHigh-density lipoprotein(HDL)were determined using an enzymatic colorimetric method.

Twenty-four water samples were collected from the Tigris River inside Baghdad city and close to the sewage pipes for the winter seasons in October 2022 and the summer seasons in May 2023 to assess the pollution of the Tigris River water. The study included analyzing the physical and chemical properties and studying the concentrations of some heavy elements (iron, manganese, nickel, zinc, copper, chromium, cadmium, and lead). Tigris River samples are characterized during the winter as light alkaline, fresh water, highly mineralized and sodium sulphate type. Water samples during the summer are characterized by light alkalinity, fresh water, high mineralization, and calcium chloride type. River water evaluated for irrigation purposes showed

Adenosine deaminase (ADA), also referred to as adenosine aminohydrolase, is a key enzyme that plays a crucial role in purine metabolism. AMP-aminohydrolase, also known as AMP deaminase (AMPDA), facilitates the conversion of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) into inosine monophosphate (IMP). Cigarettes primarily consist of various substances. This study aimed to investigate the influence of cigarettes smoking on serum and saliva ADA and AMPDA activities, exploring the diagnostic potential of these enzymes in smoking- related diseases. Two hundred twenty subjects were enrolled, including 100 healthy smokers and 120 healthy non-smokers with measurement being made of serum and saliva ADA and AMPDA activities as well as complete blood count (CBC)

This study utilized low-cost agricultural waste (molasses production waste powder) to extract copper ions from aqueous solutions. The present investigation explored a range of factors that influence the adsorption process, including temperature, pH, ionic strength, contact time, quantity of adsorbent, and particle size. Spectrophotometric analysis was used to determine the solution's absorbance both before and after the adsorption procedure. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were used to match the equilibrium data. The Freundlich model was determined to be the best isotherm model using the linear regression coefficient R²=0.9868. Thermodynamic parameters, including enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy, were cal

Novel oxopyrimidine (3,7) and pyrazole (4,8) compounds bearing an azo group were successfully synthesized and characterized using FTIR, ¹HNMR, and ¹³CNMR spectroscopy. The diazonium salt was first synthesized by reacting p-amino acetophenone with nitrous acid. This salt was added to activated aromatic rings (o-nitro phenol, β-naphthol) to produce azo compounds (1,5). Following the reaction of these azo compounds with salicylaldehyde, chalcone derivatives (2,6) were produced. Subsequently, these synthetic compounds were cyclized to create pyrazole derivatives (4,8) and oxopyrimidine (3,7

      Currently, Machine learning is an advanced algorithm that yielding accurate classifications or predictions for huge samples sizes. The fat index data is asymmetric and has a right skew so this creates problem when using statistical techniques. For such data, there is still a lot of performance that needs to be improved when comparing statistical techniques and machine learning algorithms. This paper aimed to compare the traditional statistical methods represented by Linear, penalized linear such as Ridge and Lasso regression and machine learning models represented by convolutional neural network for their prediction performance through simulation experiments and real data of fat index. A total of 252 records were used. The pre

     In this study, nanoparticles of metal oxides (CoO, NiO, and TiO₂) were synthesized using the hydrothermal method. These nanoparticles were then incorporated into paraffin wax, serving as a matrix, to create nanocomposites. The resulting materials, [TiO₂; CoO/paraffin] and [TiO₂; NiO/paraffin], were prepared using ultrasonic techniques. The morphology, size, and structures of the synthesized nanocomposites were examined and characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformer infrared (FT-IR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectro

     Rice, an important food crop, is often faced with widespread and highly contagious diseases that have posed significant threats to agricultural development. However, traditional rice disease identification methods, which rely on the subjective visual examination of experts, hinder timely disease prevention. The advancements in computer vision and deep learning techniques have been key in improving crop disease diagnosis and recognition. This paper suggests a new approach for classifying rice leaf diseases, first via enhancing the input rice plant image through the conversion and extraction techniques. Secondly, by employing the multiple Vision Transformers (ViTs) method, which adopts and dedicates one ViT per type of disease, th

        An R-module M is called polyform if every essential submodule of M is rational. The main goal of this paper is to give a new class of modules named P-polyform modules. This class of modules are contained properly in the class of polyform modules. Several properties of this concept are introduced and compared with those which is known in the concept of polyform modules. Another characterization of the definition of P-polyform modules is given as an analogue to that in the concept of polyform modules. So we proved that a module M is P-polyform if and only if M)= 0, for each essential submodule N of M, which is pure in M, and a submodule K of M, with NÍKÍM. The relationships between this class of modules and some other rela

     Fish feed is influenced by several factors, including the raw ingredients used in the feed, the content of proteins, carbohydrates, and vitamins, the manufacturing process, and the way the feed is stored. Its impact on the fish's growth rate, which should continuously increase. Caulerpa sp. is rich in nutrients, providing vegetable protein, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. This research aims to examine the effect of incorporating feed with additional Caulerpa sp. on the growth of red tilapia. One alternative is the addition of C. racemosa (sea grape seaweed flour) as a feed supplement in tilapia feed. This research used an experimental method with a completely randomized design with 4 treatments

     This work compares mud volcanoes from the NW Moroccan Atlantic Margin and the Ceuta Drift in the Mediterranean Moroccan Margins. Through the analysis and interpretation of high-resolution seismic data combined with existing research, the study explores the distinct formation mechanisms and the structural characteristics of mud volcano systems in these regions. The NW Moroccan Atlantic Margin, influenced by the accretionary wedge and the strike-slip faulting associated with the Rif-Betic Arc tectonic movement, exhibits mud volcanoes formed primarily through the upward movement of mud diapirs along faults. In contrast, the Ceuta Drift is characterized by mud volcanoes formed on top of the seafloor-piercing mud diapirs, resulting f

     Leishmaniasis, a disease triggered by the parasitic protozoan Leishmania, is spread through the bite of infected female sandflies, specifically those of the Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia species. The body's defense mechanisms, both innate and adaptive, rely heavily on cytokines, a category of glycoproteins or modulatory proteins that orchestrate a crucial response to infection and disease. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between serum IL-17A levels and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of IL-17A (rs2275913) with the susceptibility to cutaneous leishmaniasis. A total 200 samples of whole blood were collected form patients and controls at Baquba Teaching Hospital /Diyala Governorate/ Iraq from October 2022 to Februa

In this study, the heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), micro-plastics (MPs), and their potential soil contamination in a specific area in Baghdad City, Iraq were studied. During February and June 2024, soil samples were collected from six locations (Agricultural, plastic factory, Oil factory soil, Barren soil, residential, and Landfill soil) within Baghdad City. The total concentration of heavy metals of Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn,, Cd, and Fe in the soil samples ranges between 3.27and 26.4, 12.9 and 33.6, 24.7 and 114, 319 and 715, 0.37 and 2.19 and 603 and5142 mgkg^-1 in the dry period, while it ranges between 3.07and 24.7, 12.10 and 31.51, 23.17 and 106.9, 299.2 and 690, 0.35and2.05 and565 and 4822 mgkg^-1 i

Pre-eclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication marked by high blood pressure, typically exceeding 140/90 mmHg, that often emerges after the 20th week of pregnancy. It may be pronounced if there is a high risk for the mother or fetus. The importance of the placental growth factor (PlGF) in predicting preeclampsia has been established by earlier research. However, the study aims to evaluate the predictive accuracy of serum Placental growth factor in determining the severity of disease. The study involved 90 pregnant Iraqi women who developed preeclampsia after 24 weeks of gestation. Based on the magnitude of their hypertension biochemical parameters and, other symptoms, the women were categorized into two groups: 45 moderate cases and 4

     The mandibular first molar that has undergone endodontic treatment (ETMFM) may contain an additional canal that often goes unnoticed, known as the undetected second distal canal (USDC). While radiography is commonly used to identify the USDC in ETMFMs, its actual occurrence rate might differ when examined through histological methods. The prevalence of this canal was evaluated histologically through laboratory analysis and radiographically through cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). This study included 24 ETMFM from a total of 372 extracted mandibular first molars (MFM) from 372 Iraqi patients, which were collected from several private dental clinics in Baghdad city during 2022–2023. The extra canals, accounting for 6.45% of

The central focus of this investigation is examining the cytotoxic properties of various crude extracts derived from Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) on human skin squamous carcinoma cells in vitro. The present study centres on three distinct extracts, namely, hot aqueous, cold aqueous, and ethanolic, all of which were prepared from G. lucidum sourced from DXN Company. The primary objective is to elucidate the potential inhibitory effects these extracts have on the proliferation of human skin squamous carcinoma cells. To achieve this goal, the extracts were subjected to analysis using GC-MS technology. The colorimetric assay method also played a critical role in assessing cytotoxicity (inhibition rate) and cellul

This paper deal with a technique of approximation which is insert to find the solution of a new type of couple system of constant coefficients parabolic equations (CPS) from mixing the method of finite element of Galerkin (GFEM) “in the variable of space” with the finite differences method of implicit type (IFDM) in the variable of time. Therefore, the abbreviation IGFEM is utilized to express on the method named by implicit Galerkin finite element method (IGFEM(. In this method at each  discrete value of time , the CPS  convert into a Galerkin system of  algebraic equations (GLAS) and later it is resolved by utilizing the method of  Cholesky Decomposition (ChDeM). Examples of explanations are awarded and the illustration for the

Nickel (Ni) is considered a toxic heavy metal that causes serious diseases in humans and animals. Therefore, this study was conducted on common carp, which is considered an essential food item for humans. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of nickel exposure on the gene expression of glutathione peroxidase and metallothionein in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.1785 (Common carp)), focusing on the effects observed after 3 and 6 weeks of exposure. The experimental fish's morphometric features were noted. All fish were stocked, regardless of gender.  Fish were subjected to varying concentrations of 20, 40, 68, 80, and 100 mg/L to obtain the LC50 for Ni during 96 hours which was 80 mg/L through 96 hours.  Additionally, the fi

The estimation of the stress–strength model is perhaps one of the most challenging concepts in reliability analysis. Therefore, in this paper, a new metaheuristic algorithm (BAT algorithm) is used to estimate the Stress strength reliability system for the generalized inverse Pareto distribution. Furthermore, some  statistical properties for generalized inverse Pareto distribution are derived. In a 
simulation study, the BAT algorithm and the classical Maximum Likelihood (MLE) method are compared using the Relative efficiency criterion. The results show that the BAT variant estimates the parameters more accurately than the MLE.

This study examined the fnbA gene, which plays a role in biofilm formation, in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that were exposed to copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) produced using an aqueous extract from the leaves of Myrtus communis and Nerium oleander plants. A total of 54 S. aureus bacteria were isolated from wastewater samples. Gene expression analysis was conducted using a quantitative RT-PCR readyMix apparatus with a classical conventional PCR model of BIOER – Germany. The cDNA samples from S. aureus bacteria and fnbA gene were quantified using quantitative real-time PCR by applying SYBR green using a two-step RT-PCR method to determine the effect of CuNP

Workers in automotive repair shops are at risk of exposure to hazardous chemicals, which can have varying health consequences depending on the duration and intensity of exposure, and may ultimately contribute to environmental pollution. The objective of this study is to identify variations in the biochemical levels, including liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lipid profile, and atherogenic indices (AIP) between workers in car mechanics workshops and occupationally unexposed participants in Baghdad. Blood samples were taken from 70 workers aged 18–50 at car mechanics workshops. The occupations included car maintenance (WI, n = 35), vehicle painting (WII, n = 35), and healthy males (C, n = 25

A novel benzothiazole derivative compound, [M1], was synthesized by reacting 4-aminoacetophenone with 2-aminobenzothiazole in the presence of glacial acetic acid as a catalyst, enabling the efficient formation of the target compound. Amic acid compounds [M2-M4] were synthesized from the reaction of compound [M1] with various cyclic anhydrides in dry acetone. Cyclic imides derivatives were synthesized by a dehydrated reaction of the prepared amic acid [M2-M4] with acetic anhydride and sodium acetate to produce the corresponding cyclic imides [M5-M7]. The synthesized compounds [M5-M7] reacted with Acetyl chloride to produce the corresponding acetamide derivatives compounds [M8-M10]. The polyether derivatives [M11-M13] were synthesized from

Image denoising is a computer vision task that mainly aims to remove unwanted noise from a given image while preserving all necessary details and related information. Detection of edges and smooth image generation are required criteria for measuring the quality of the image denoiser. This paper introduces a new model for image denoising based on total variation (TV). The unprecedented novelty total variation (NTV) model combines norm-based total variation (TV) and  norm-based TV regularization. This paper uses the implicit finite difference method to solve the NTV model numerically. The statistical measurements are used to compare the results obtained using the NTV model with those obtained using other models, which show the superiority

This study examines the problems with the assessment of river water quality, which is affected by multiple water quality parameters (WQPs) that have inherent uncertainties and uneven decision-maker judgments. To cope with these uncertainties, we use soft sets, fuzzy sets, and fuzzy soft sets. In particular, we first present the square root mean square (SQRTMS) and a water pollution score (WPS) for fuzzy soft sets and propose a novel water pollution assessment framework, i.e., the fuzzy soft multi-criteria group decision-making model (Ω-model). This model produces Ω score, a weighted water pollution score, to classify pollution levels. The proposed methodology is made on water quality indices of Haora River in Tripura India, which ser