This study used the green method to synthesise zinc oxide nanoparticles by microwave irradiation, using plant extracts of tea, coffee, and rosemary separately and Zn(NO₃)₂.6H₂O; this method is considered eco-friendly, rapid, and cost-effective. The structural properties of prepared materials were investigated with an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscope, and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis was used to prove the presence of ZnO NPs. The electrical charge of the surface of nanomaterials was measured by Zeta potential, where 20 mV is adequate for ensuring physical stability. The three green extracts (tea,

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were created using two different preparation methods: chemical precipitation and the green method using the leaves of Ficus carica extract. The nanoparticles were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). Analytical techniques such as XRD were applied to verify the crystallinity of ZnO NPs as well as used to calculate the crystal size for the prepared samples. The XRD pattern exhibited a hexagonal structure, and the mean diameter of the crystal size for ZnO NPs prepared by chemical precipitation was 27.44 and 33nm for ZnO NPs prepared by the biological method. Nanoparticles of Zn

This study evaluated the relationship between the blood glucose level, maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax), and 18F-FDG uptake in tissues at normal and tumour organs with positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) examinations. On the morning of the procedure, finger-stick fasting blood glucose is routinely assessed. The study looked at the SUVmax in the liver and bone of 200 people with F-FDG PET/CT scans for tumors and healthy organs¹⁸. The study formed three groups of patients based on their serum glucose levels. The study retrospectively examined the relationship between glucose levels and standardized uptake values. The mean liver and bone SUV_max gradually decreased as blood glucose levels

The current study used satellite data and geographic information systems to detect changes in land use and land cover and also studied climate factors, temperature, and humidity in the city of Amara, which is located in the southeast of Iraq, from 1990 to 2022. The study aimed to calculate the land use land cover (LULC) using satellite images from Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 8 OLI, and Landsat 9 OLI2, also from the Meteorological Service; temperature and humidity data were used to calculate the THI index. Iraq was one of the nations most exposed to the altering climate as a result of global warming and its effects. There was an urgent need to research climate change and land use in Amara city as temperatures rose and the city experienced droug

The goal of our study is to perform detailed multiband surface photometry of the spiral galaxy NGC 4448 and its brightest star-forming regions. The structure and composition of the stellar population in the surface brightness galaxy NGC 4448 was studied using BVR CCD photometry. The observations were obtained on the 1.88 m optical telescope of Kottamia Astronomical Observatory (KAO), Egypt. A two-dimensional decomposition of the galaxy bulge and disk components is carried out. A powerful star forming region is observed near the galactic center. Based on the positions of the various components of the galaxy in two color diagrams. From the observations, the surface brightness profiles, Ellipticity profiles, position angle profiles and colo

In this work, using the spin coating method to create polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/polyethylene oxide (PEO) thin films, the effects of nano-tungsten oxide (WO₂) doping were investigated. The novelty of this research lies in its investigation of varying weight concentrations of WO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) within the composite films. Comprehensive characterization techniques were employed, including structural analysis via X-ray diffraction (XRD), which revealed a clear and prominent peak in the XRD of the PVDF/PEO films, and the films' polycrystalline nature with tetragonal structures. The grain size was noted to increase with higher WO₂ NPs doping. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed

Nanocomposite membranes made of chitosan (Cs) concentrations, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with a fixed ratio of (60:40), then incorporated with different concentrations of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3%) were created using the solution cast method. The membranes were identified using UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results demonstrated that the samples were sufficiently stable, and the interactions between nanoparticles and polymers were generally negligible. XRD patterns showed a crystalline phase of PVA, an amorphous phase of chitosan, and a more crystalline phase as MWCNTs were introduced. In particular, at high percentages of MWCNTs, the dominant

In the present work, optical emission spectroscopy was used to diagnose the influence of A.C. power source frequency on the hollow magnetron sputtering discharge parameters (such as discharge emission, discharge current and voltage, glow discharge structure, temperature (T_e) and electron number density (n_e), Debye length (λ_D), and plasma parameter (N_D) of constant pressure. The electron temperature and number density were determined using the Boltzmann plots and the Stark broadening methods, respectively. The results illustrate that the normal glow discharge structure is similar to the D.C. discharge mode. The magnetic field has no impact on the fundamental discharge parameter in both A.C. fre

In this study, spin coating was used to prepare thin films of poly (2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1, 4-phenylene vinylene) and silver (MEH-PPV/Ag) in this study. The physical characteristics of MEH-PPV/Ag thin films with various weight ratios (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04%) were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and thermal testing. FTIR analysis showed that there were occurrences of the polymer's predicted chemical bonds. AFM tests show that when different amounts of silver are added to a polymer matrix, the film's surface roughness (root mean square) goes up from an average of 83.51 to 511.3

In this paper, a cold plasma system utilizing a high voltage of 13.5 kV of alternative (AC) and direct current (DC) was used under atmospheric pressure with argon (Ar)-gas at a flow rate of 2.5 l/min and a flowing time of 4 min to synthesize aluminum oxide (AlO) nanoparticles (NP). From the results, when DC was used, it was found that the absorption spectrum starts at 303 nm and gradually falls to 870 nm. With AC, the absorption spectrum was at 330 nm and then began to fall to 902 nm. The energy gap when utilizing DC and AC was 3.49 and 3.44 eV respectively. The analysis of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed the structure of the NPs was amorphous, matching the pattern 42-1746. At DC, the average size of NPs formed, as deduced fr

A hand lay-up method was used to prepare Epoxy/ metal composites. Epoxy resin (EP) was used as a matrix with metal particles (Al, Cu, and Fe) as fillers.
The preparation method includes preparing square panels of composites with different weight percentage of fillers (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%). Standard specimens (88mm in diameter) for thermal conductivity tests were prepared to measure thermal conductivity kexp.The result of experimental thermal conductivity kexp, for EP/metal composites show that, kexp increase with increasing weight percentage, For EP/ Al and EP/Cu composites, and it have have maximum values of 0.33 and 0.35 W/m.K, respectively. While kexp for EP/ Fe composite show slight increase with maximum value of 0.186 W/m.K.

Nano-structural of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) thin films were
deposited by chemical spray pyrolysis technique (CSPT). Nd and Ce
doped vanadium oxide films were prepared, adding Neodymium
chloride (NdCl3) and ceric sulfate (Ce(SO4)2) of 3% in separate
solution. These precursor solutions were used to deposit un-doped
V2O5 and doped with Nd and Ce films on the p-type Si (111) and
glass substrate at 250°C. The structural, optical and electrical
properties were investigated. The X-ray diffraction study revealed a
polycrystalline nature of the orthorhombic structure with the
preferred orientation of (010) with nano-grains. Atomic force
microscopy (AFM) was used to characterize the morphology of the
films. Un-do

In this work, the effect of preparing a composite of copper oxide nanoparticles with carbon on some of its optical properties was studied. The composite preparing process was carried out by exploding graphite electrodes in an aqueous suspension of copper oxide. The properties of the plasma which is formed during the explosion were studied using emission spectroscopy in order to determine the most important elements that are present in the media. The electron’s density and their energy, which is the main factor in the composite process, were determined. The particle properties were studied before and after the exploding process. The XRD showed an additional peak in the copper oxides pattern corresponding to the hexagonal graphite struct

The holmium plasma induced by a 1064-nmQ-switched Nd:YAG laser in air was investigated. This work was done theoretically and experimentally.  Cowan code was used to get the emission spectra for different transition of the holmium target. In the experimental work, the evolution of the plasma was studied by acquiring spectral images at different laser pulse energies (600,650,700, 750, and 800 mJ). The repetition rates of (1Hz and 10Hz) in the UV region (200-400 nm). The results indicate that, the emission line intensities increase with increasing of the laser pulse energy and repetition rate. The strongest emission spectra appeared when the laser pulse energy is 800mJ and 10 Hz repetition rate at λ= 345.64nm, with the maximum intensi

The seasonal behavior of the light curve for selected star SS UMI and EXDRA during outburst cycle is studied. This behavior describes maximum temperature of outburst in dwarf nova. The raw data has been mathematically modeled by fitting Gaussian function based on the full width of the half maximum and the maximum value of the Gaussian. The results of this modeling describe the value of temperature of the dwarf novae star system leading to identify the type of elements that each dwarf nova consisted of.

The analytical study of optical bistability is concerned in a fully
optimized laser Fabry-Perot system. The related phenomena of
switching dynamics and optimization procedure are also included.
From the steady state of optical bistability equation can plot the
incident intensity versus the round trip phase shift (φ) for different
values of dark mistuning 
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6
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100). In order to obtain different optical bistable loops. The inputoutput
characteristic for a nonlinear Fabry-Perot etalon of a different
values of finesse (F) and using different initial detuning (φ0) are used
in this rese

In this work, some mechanical properties of the polymer coating were improved by preparing a hybrid system containing Graphene (GR) of different weight percentages (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2wt%) with 5wt% carbon fibres (CF) and added to a polymer coating by using casting method. The properties were improved as GR was added with further improvement on adding 5wt% of CF. The impact strength of acrylic polymer with GR increases with increasing weight ratio‏‏ of GR; maximum value was obtained when the polymer coating was incorporated with 1wt% GR and 5wt% CF. The impact strength of acrylic polymer with GR and GR/CF composites incorporated with GR at 1wt% and CF at 5wt%. Hardness increase with increasing weight ratio of Gr and a significant imp

In this work, a Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) sensor based on the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) technology was proposed. A thin layer of gold (Au) was deposited on a D-shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF), which was coated with plasmonic chemically stable gold material with a thickness of 40nm. The performance parameters like sensitivity including wavelength sensitivity and amplitude sensitivity and resolution were evaluated by simulation using COMSOL software. The proposed sensor was created by using the finite element approach, it is numerically examined. The results show that the surface of D-shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber coated with Au behaves as a sensor to detect the refractive index (IR) of toxic metal ions. The impacts of the str

A chemical optical fiber sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was developed and implemented using multimode plastic optical fiber. The sensor is used to detect and measure the refractive index and concentration of various chemical materials (Urea, Ammonia, Formaldehyde and Sulfuric acid) as well as to evaluate the performance parameters such as sensitivity, signal to noise ratio, resolution and figure of merit. It  was noticed that the value of the sensitivity of the optical fiber-based SPR sensor, with 60nm and 10 mm long, Aluminum(Al) and Gold (Au) metals film exposed sensing region, was 4.4 μm, while the SNR was 0.20, figure of merit was 20 and resolution 0.00045. In this work a multimode

Polymer films of PEG and PVA and their blend with different
concentrations of MnCl2 (0, 2, 4, 6 and 10 %.wt) were study using
casting technique. The X-ray spectra of pure PEG, PVA and
PVA:PEG films and with addition of 2% concentrations from
(MnCl2) show amorphous structures. The results for FTIR show the
interaction between the filler and polymer blend results in
decreasing crystallinity with rich amorphous phase. This
amorphous nature confirms the complexation between the filler and
the polymer blend. The optical properties of (PVA:PEG/MnCl2)
contain the recording of absorbance (A) and explain that the
absorption coefficient (α), refractive index (n), extinction coefficient
(ko) and the dielectric cons

in this paper, the current work was devoted to the manufacture of TiO2 nanoparticles doped with manganese,  synthesis by the sol-gel technique using a dip-conting device, for their hydrophilic properties and photocatalytic activity, and the products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Uv-Visible absorption, and the results  XRD showed an  phase Anatase  ,  and the results of the SEM Explained the shape of the morphology of the samples after the doping process compared with pure TiO2, and the results of a shift in light absorption from ultraviolet rays to visible light were evident. The results showed that the thin films have a high wettability   under visible rays

The biggest problem of structural materials for fusion reactor is the damage caused by the fusion product neutrons to the structural material. If this problem is overcomed, an important milestone will be left behind in fusion energy. One of the important problems of the structural material is that nuclei forming the structural material interacting with fusion neutrons are transmuted to stable or radioactive nuclei via (n, x) (x; alpha, proton, gamma etc.) reactions. In particular, the concentration of helium gas in the structural material increases through deuteron- tritium (D-T) and (n, α) reactions, and this increase significantly changes the microstructure and the properties of the structural materials. T

paper

Undoped and Iodine (I)–doped chrome oxide (Cr2O3)thin films have been prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis technique at substrate temperatures(773K) on glass substrate. Absorbance and transmittance spectra have been recorded as a function of wavelength in the range (340-800 nm) in order to study the optical properties such as reflectance, Energy gap of allowed direct transition, extinction coefficient refractive index, and dielectric constant in real and imagery parts all as a function of wavelength. It was found that all the investigated parameters affect by the doping ratios.

In this research, iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) nanoparticles were doped with 5% mol of metallic material silver (Ag) and non-metallic material sulfur (S) by a wet impregnation process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the shape and arrangement of the crystals. UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to study the photocatalytic degradation of dye pollutants by measuring the absorbance spectra of the Ag/Fe₂O₃ and S/Fe₂O₃ nanoparticle samples. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of pH on the photocatalytic activity of nanoparticles. The pH of a 5ppm solution of methylene blue (MB) dye was changed to 3 and 8 using hydrochloric acid (HC

This research shows how to prepare polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films with silver nanoparticles and how different amounts of these nanoparticles affect the films' properties. The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), featuring a uniform spherical shape, were synthesised using the chemical reduction method. The concentration of AgNPs and the amount of the reducing agent were found to influence the structural and optical characteristics of the prepared films. Higher volumes of the reducing agent have resulted in the formation of larger silver nanoparticles. These factors affected the size of the silver nanoparticles and the specific absorption peak, which was between 420 and 435 nm, with the nanoparticles measuring between 20 and 32 nm in size

Cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanocrystals, modified with water-soluble L-cysteine and known as CdSe/Cys nanocrystals, were synthesized using L-cysteine as a stabilizing agent. This synthesis process ensured the formation of highly stable nanocrystals with desirable properties for various applications. The CdSe/Cys nanocrystals were carefully studied using advanced methods to understand their structure, composition, and optical features in detail. The peak that shows the preferred (111) orientation of L-cysteine-capped CdSe matches the usual core components, as indicated by the XRD pattern. On the other hand, the peaks at (220) and (311) are not as prominent. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy was conducted to study the optical properties of

In this work, Ag and Ag@Cr nanoparticles were fabricated utilizing the plasma jet and chemical spray deposition approach to produce thin films of Ag and Ag@Cr. The optimal gas-detecting properties can be achieved by varying the ratios of Ag@Cr (4:6, 2:8, 3:7) ml and 10 ml Ag. XRD, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy were used to characterize the Ag and Ag@Cr thin films. Additionally, an absorption peak appears at 422 nm for Ag, and the absorption peaks for Ag@Cr are at 408, 413, and 410 nm, with a polycrystalline character as seen from the XRD pattern. The gas NO₂ was used to check how sensitive, responsive, and quickly recoverable the Ag and Ag@Cr nanocomposite thin films are. According to the findings, at

Over the past few years, there has been a significant focus on studying the synthesis and applications of metal nanoparticles. These tiny particles possess distinct properties that set them apart from bulk metals. The liquid for Cr:Se core-shell nanoparticles was made using the plasma jets method and turned into thin films that are 158.9 nm thick through chemical spray pyrolysis. The nanothin films were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This study looks at the structure and light properties of core-shell nanoparticles made with a chromium to selenium (Cr:Se) ratio of 6:4. The XRD patterns confirmed the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles for the polyc

In this study,  thin films of pure and aluminum (Al)-doped zinc oxide/polymethyl methacrylate (ZnO/PMMA) with two different amounts (5% and 7%) using the sol-gel and spin coating methods were created and then heated at two temperatures (450 and 750°C). Many characteristics were used to analyze the resulting samples, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible, and infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction analysis of the samples indicated that they formed a hexagonal structure of ZnO known as wurtzite, with a preferred direction labelled as (101). UV-visible analysis of the specimens' optical characteristics has helped calculate the gap energy using the Tauc method. The energy value is 4.12 eV. The optical characte