A liquid-solid chromatography of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) on (diethylaminoethyl-cellulose) DEAE-cellulose adsorbent is worked experimentally, to study the effect of changing the influent concentration of (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/ml) at constant volumetric flow rate Q=1ml/min. And the effect of changing the volumetric flow rate (1, 3, 5, and 10 ml/min) at constant influent concentration of Co=0.125mg/ml. By using a glass column of (1.5cm) I.D and (50cm) length, packed with adsorbent of DEAE-cellulose of height (7cm). The influent is introduced in to the column using peristaltic pump and the effluent concentration is investigated using UV-spectrophotometer at 30oC and 280nm wavelength. A spread (steeper) break-through curve is gained

The present work is devoted to investigate the performance of a homemade Y-shape catalytic microreactor for degradation of dibenzothiophene (DBT), as a model of sulphur compounds including in gas oil, utilizing solar incident energy. The microchannel was coated with TiO2 nanoparticles which were used as a photocatalyst. Performance of the microreactor was investigated using different conditions (e.g., DBT concentration, LHSV, operating temperature, and (H₂O₂/DBT) ratio). Our experiments show that, in the absence of UV light, no reaction takes place. The results revealed that outlet concentration of DBT decreases as the mean residence time in the microreactor increases. Also, it was noted that operating temperature s

Spent catalysts for sulfuric acid production have large amount of vanadium and due to environmental authority it is required to reduce the vanadium contain of the spent catalyst. Experimental investigation was conducted to study the vanadium recovery from spent catalyst via leaching process using sodium hydroxide to study the effect of process variables (temperatures, sodium hydroxide molarities, leaching time and particle size) on vanadium recovery. The effect of process variables (temperature, particle size,molarities of sodium hydroxide and leaching time) on the percentages of vanadium recovery were investigated and discussed .It was found that the percentage of vanadium recovery increased with increasing temperature up to 100 , incre

In the literature, several correlations have been proposed for bubble size prediction in bubble columns. However these correlations fail to predict bubble diameter over a wide range of conditions. Based on a data bank of around 230 measurements collected from the open literature, a correlation for bubble sizes in the homogenous region in bubble columns was derived using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling. The bubble diameter was found to be a function of six parameters: gas velocity, column diameter, diameter of orifice, liquid density, liquid viscosity and liquid surface tension. Statistical analysis showed that the proposed correlation has an Average Absolute Relative Error (AARE) of 7.3 % and correlation coefficient of 92.2%. A

   The identification studies of rock and reservoir characteristics are essential for evaluating the efficiency of a reservoir by analyzing the types of rock and pores. In this study, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) for six wells was utilized to identify the rock and reservoir characteristics of the Mishrif formation in the South of the Zubair Field, specifically the Rafdyia and Safwan domes, as well as the west flank. Specific correlations were utilized to describe the classification of rocks, estimate pore throat radius, and recognize possible flow intervals. The results revealed that the Mishrif Formation mainly consists of limestone, dolomite, and shale. The Safwan dome consists mainly of pack-wackestone, wackestone, and mudstone,

   In this study, lead ions were removed from simulated wastewater by batch adsorptive filtration. A three-dimensional printed water filtration was designed using a blender and successfully synthesized from a PLA spool and a 3d printer machine. The filter surface was treated with NaOH solution to hydrolyze the polyester group in PLA. After that, α-Fe₂O₃ was prepared by the coprecipitation method and coated on the filter through doping and drying. α-Fe₂O₃ was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Brunauer-Emmet-teller (BET). The results successfully indicate the synthesis of α-Fe₂O₃ consisting of 67.3% Fe and 32.7% O<

   Linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS), a surfactant frequently incorporated into detergent formulations, typically ends up in wastewater treatment facilities after use. The present study aims to investigate the efficacy of bacteria isolated from Iraqi wastewater in removing LAS. This strain was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa by genetic analysis (16S rRNA). Three LAS concentrations (25, 50, and 100 mg/l) were employed in this investigation, along with three temperatures (30, 35, and 40 oC) and pH values (5, 7, 9). The LAS anionic surfactant demonstrated optimal biodegradation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a temperature of 30 °C and at pH levels of 7 and 9, with removal percentages of 93.76% and 90.4%, respectively, at a concentr

Single long spiral tube column pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit, 25 mm diameter, and 6 m length was constructed to study the separation of water from ethanol at azeotropic concentration of 95 wt%. The first three meters of the column length acted as a vaporizer and the remaining length acted as an adsorber filled by commercial 3A zeolite. The effect of pressure, temperature and feed flow rate on the product ethanol purity, process recovery and productivity were studied. The results showed that ethanol purity increased with temperature and pressure and decreased with feed flow rate. The purity decreased with increasing productivity. The purity range was 98.9 % to 99.6 %, the recovery range was 0.82 to 0.92 and the productivity range w

   The modified Hummers method was applied to prepare graphene oxide (GO) from the graphite powder. Tin oxide nanoparticles with different loading (10-20 wt.%) supported on reduced graphene oxide were synthesized to evaluate the oxidative desulfurization efficiency. The catalyst was synthesized by the incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) technique. Different analysis methods like FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, AFM, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) were utilized to characterize graphene oxide and catalysts. The XRD analysis showed that the average crystal size of graphene oxide was 6.05 nm. In addition, the FESEM results showed high metal oxide dispersions on the rGO. The EDX analysis shows the weight ratio of Sn is close to its theoretical weight.

The aim of this work was to prepare zeolite type 13X from locally available kaolin and to study the effects of using some binding materials through the process of agglomeration of this zeolite. This study was focused on using kaolin binder in different weight percents (10,15,25,35 and 45%).Physical and mechanical properties of the agglomerates such as porosity , apparent density , pore volume, crushing strength , loss on attrition , surface area and finally the adsorption capacity had been measured and evaluated .The preparation step was achieved by mixing the reactants consisting of metakaolin , source of silica as ( sodium trisilicate ) and sodium hydroxide . The conditions was temperature of 70° C and time of mixing as 8, 10,24,34,50

Aluminum alloy 5052 had been anodized by sulfuric acid as an electrolyte under constant voltage and the anodic oxide film produce will be testing by potentiostatic anodic polarization .Two variables, which were considered as important variables, were studied. These variables are anodizing time 15,30 min. and sealing time 10,20 min., and the test by potentiostatic anodic polarization through electro chemical polarization measurements in solutions of 1N na2so4 ( PH= 1 ). The results are discussed in light of the rate of ionic current flow through the coating during anodic polarization measurements.

The main aim of this study is to evaluate the remaining oil in previously produced zones, locate the water productive zone and look for any bypassed oil behind casing in not previously perforated intervals. Initial water saturation was calculated from digitized open hole logs using a cut-off value of 10% for irreducible water saturation. The integrated analysis of the thermal capture cross section, Sigma and Carbon/oxygen ratio was conducted and summarized under well shut-in and flowing conditions. The logging pass zone run through sandstone Zubair formation at north Rumaila oil field. The zones where both the Sigma and the C/O analysis show high remaining oil saturation simila

Intrinsic viscosities have been studied for polyethylene oxide in water which has wide industrial applications. The polyethylene oxide samples had two different structures, the first one was linear and covers a wide range of molecular weight of 1, 3, 10, 20, 35, 99, 370, 1100, 4600, and 8000 kg/mol and the second one was branched and had molecular weights of 0.55 and 40 kg/mol.
Intrinsic viscosities and Huggins constants have been determined for all types and molecular weights mentioned above at 25ºC using a capillary viscometer. The values of Mark-Houwink parameters (K and a) were equal to 0.0068 ml/g and 0.67 respectively, and have not been published for this range of molecular weight in as yet.

PC-based controller is an approach to control systems with Real-Time parameters by controlling selected manipulating variable to accomplish the objectives. Shell and tube heat exchanger have been identified as process models that are inherently nonlinear and hard to control due to unavailability of the exact models’ descriptions. PC and analogue input output card will be used as the controller that controls the heat exchanger hot stream to the desired temperature.
The control methodology by using four speed pump as manipulating variable to control the temperature of the hot stream to cool to the desired temperature.
In this work, the dynamics of cross flow shell and tube heat exchanger is modeled from step changes in cold water f

تناول البحث الحالي تحديد المسار التكنولوجي لاسترداد مذيب الزايلين المستخدم في تحضير السبائك البوليمرية نوع (بولي اثيلين-بولي سايلوكسان) باعلى نسبة ممكنة. وتم ذلك من خلال دراسة تاثير المتغيرات الحاكمة باعتماد اسلوبين في الاسترداد وهما الاسترداد بالهواء الحار والاسترداد بالتبريد والترشيح. اظهرت النتائج ان اعتماد اسلوب التبريد والترشيح يعطي نتائج فضل من حيث نسبة الاسترداد والتي بلغت 75% ومن حيث

   Phenol is one of the worst-damaging organic pollutants, and it produces a variety of very poisonous organic intermediates, thus it is important to find efficient ways to eliminate it. One of the promising techniques is sonoelectrochemical processing. However, the type of electrodes, removal efficiency, and process cost are the biggest challenges. The main goal of the present study is to investigate the removal of phenol by a sonoelectrochemical process with different anodes, such as graphite, stainless steel, and titanium. The best anode performance was optimized by using the Taguchi approach with an L₁₆ orthogonal array. the degradation of phenol sonoelectrochemically was investigated with three process parameters: curr

   In the context of oil and gas extraction, a dead well refers to a well that has ceased to produce hydrocarbons. The major problems that account for this are: the reservoir has been depleted, the pressure has dropped too low to allow for extraction, or there are technical issues such as blockages or equipment failure. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the performance of a dead well called K88 (for confidential reasons) activated by the progressive cavity pump (PCP) in order to improve and maximize the oil flow rate produced. The completion, reservoir, production pressure, volume, and temperature (PVT) data are processed under Excel and Prosper software by using nodal analysis, sensitive analysis, economic analysis, and d

Investigation of the adsorption of acid fuchsin dye (AFD) on Zeolite 5A is carried out using batch scale experiments according to statistical design. Adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics were demonstrated.  Results showed that the maximum removal efficiency was using zeolite at a temperature of 93.68751 mg/g. Experimental data was found to fit the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second order kinetics with maximum  removal of about 95%.  Thermodynamic analysis showed an endothermic adsorption. Optimization was made for the most affecting operating variables and a model equation for the predicted efficiency was suggested.

This article reviews the technical applicability of nanofiltration membrane process for the removal of nickel, lead, and copper ions from industrial wastewater.

Synthetic industrial wastewater samples containing Ni(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II) ions at various concentrations (50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm), under different pressures (1, 2, 3 and 4 bar), temperatures (10, 20, 30 and 40 ^oC), pH (2, 3, 4, 5 and 5.5), and flow rates (1, 2, 3 and 4 L/hr), were prepared and subjected treated by NF systems in the laboratory. Suitable NF membrane was chosen after testing a number of NF membranes (University of Technology-Baghdad), in terms of production and removal. NF system was capable of removing more than (85%, 78%, and 66% for Ni(II

There are several oil reservoirs that had severe from a sudden or gradual decline in their production due to asphaltene precipitation inside these reservoirs. Asphaltene deposition inside oil reservoirs causes damage for permeability and skin factor, wettability alteration of a reservoir, greater drawdown pressure. These adverse changing lead to flow rate reduction, so the economic profit will drop. The aim of this study is using local solvents: reformate, heavy-naphtha and binary of them for dissolving precipitated asphaltene inside the oil reservoir. Three samples of the sand pack had been prepared and mixed with a certain amount of asphaltene. Permeability of these samples calculated before and after mixed with asphaltenes. Then, the

   A low-cost, RGB LED-based visible-light spectrophotometer was designed to measure dyes concentration. Dyes are widely used as indicators or coloring agents in different applications and knowing their concentration is an essential part for many studies. The proposed spectrophotometer provides many functionalities that clones the traditional expensive spectrophotometers for a budged price under $50. It was aimed to provide a versatile tool for instructors and educators to teach their students the fundamental concepts behind spectrophotometry. Malachite green, methyl red, and methyl orange dyes were chosen to be good samples to show the integrity of the proposed spectrophotometer in terms of accuracy, repeatability, and sensitivity as

   This study focuses on preparing and evaluating AgY zeolite as an adsorbent for the desulfurization (ADS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) using a model fuel. Kinetic models and adsorption isotherms were investigated for this process. The AgY zeolite characterization was studied using XRD, BET, and XRF. XRD and XRF techniques revealed that AgY zeolite was successfully prepared with 21.42% wt. Ag. The BET results showed that the pore volume of AgY zeolite was 0.3596 cm³/g and the surface area was 531 m²/g. The desulfurization study was done with an initial sulfur content of 100–460 ppm. With 93% sulfur removal from the initial concentration of 100 ppm, ultra-deep desulfurization was achieved. The effect of contact time on the adsorption

   Sand production is one of the major challenges in the oil and gas industry. This problem exists when sand is produced along with oil and gas causing relevant damage to production equipment, thus decreasing in the productivity of wells. Therefore, a comprehensive geomechanical analysis is necessary to mitigate sand production. This study aims to assess the potential of sand production across the Nahr Umr Formation using the 1-D Mechanical Earth Model (MEM). Tech-log software coupled with well log and core data have been employed to accurately determine the possible rock geomechanical parameters, in-situ stresses and pore pressure at which rock failure might occur. Once MEM is complete, the Poro-elastic method is used to figure out th

The inhibitive action of Phenyl Thiourea (PTU) on the corrosion of mild steel in strong Hydrochloric acid, HCl, has been investigated by weight loss and potentiostatic polarization. The effect of PTU concentration, HCl concentration, and temperature on corrosion rate of mild steel were verified using 2 levels factorial design and surface response analysis through weight loss approach, while the electrochemical measurements were used to study the behavior of mild steel in 5-7N HCl at temperatures 30, 40 and 50 °C, in absence and presence of PTU. It was verified that all variables and their interaction were statistically significant. The adsorption of (PTU) is found to obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The effect of temperature on th

   Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the primary factor considered to be responsible for global warming. CO₂ capture technology has been considered an important issue to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. The current research investigates the functionalization of Multi-Wall Carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by Ethylenediamine (EDA) solution which is used for CO₂ capture at various operating conditions. Surface functionality groups and morphology of MWCNTs and physical properties were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), surface area Brunauer Emmett and Teller (BET). The physical and chemical properties of CNTs have changed after the func