Amaranthus viridis (green amaranth), is naturally grown in Iraq belongs to the Amaranthaceae family, and is considered pseudocereal. This herb displays various classes of secondary metabolites including polyphenols, and phytosterols, in addition to other types of terpenes and fatty derivatives.  Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, and hepatoprotective are among the evaluated and proven clinical activities. Recently herbal remedies have emerged as a noteworthy new therapeutic option for several cancers. The most common cause of cancer mortality in Iraq is lung cancer.  Few previous studies stated the invitro anticancer effect of this herb on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell and against HepG2, B16F10 mela

Endotoxic septic shock (ESS) is a serious clinical syndrome caused by gram-negative bacterial infections. ESS refers to infected patients with high bloodstream endotoxin levels and activity and a high rate of cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic, and renal failure. The endotoxin in the bacterial cell wall can evoke neutrophil monocytes and secrete inflammatory mediators like cytokines, nitric oxide, histamine, and bradykinin, causing local and systemic inflammation, severe vasodilation, endothelial dysfunction, increased capillary permeability, vascular fluid extravasation, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Mice were utilized as experimental animals for research by inducing endotoxemia or a septic-like condition that closely simu

Cholestasis is defined as a reduction or stagnation in bile secretion and flow. Inflammation results from blocked bile that leaks into the bloodstream and accumulates in the organs. It was postulated that cilnidipine would mitigate the liver damage linked to cholestasis by its confirmed farnesoid x receptor (FXR) activation. Hence, this study aimed to examine the impact and potential anticholestatic capabilities of cilnidipine in the rat’s model of cholestasis produced by α‑naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT), which is a widely used model that resembles human cholestasis. The white albino rats used in this investigation were separated into three distinct groups, with eight in each group. Negative control (Group I), in this group, rats ge

Curcumin (CUR), an active constituent of turmeric which is capable of forming complexes with metal ions. Even though CUR metallocomplexes displayed better biological activities compared to the free CUR, their application in medicine is limited by their poor aqueous solubility. This research aimed to develop self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDSs) to improve the solubility and the antioxidative activity of CUR metallocomplexes. Mononuclear (1:1) CUR metallocomplexes (CUR-Cu, CUR-Mg and CUR-Fe) were synthesised with Cu²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Fe³⁺ salts. The CUR and CUR metallocomplexes were loaded into the microemulsions (MEs) which contains palm oil, Tween 80 and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 at the rat

          A series of conformationally constrained new Propionic acid derivatives were subjected to a synergistic integration of docking and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) techniques to optimize non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs). Examining the particular conditions for COX-2 inhibition selectivity among these congeners as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors was the aim of the study. The combination of these methodologies accelerates the identification and optimization of lead compounds, facilitating efficient prediction and screening of compound libraries. This integrated approach not only expedites drug discovery but also provides a rational foundation for the design

The present study was designed to synthesize a number of new Ceftriaxone derivatives by its involvement with a series of different amines, through the chemical derivatization of its 2-aminothiazolyl- group into an amide with chloroacetyl chloride, which on further conjugation with these selected amines will produce compounds with pharmacological effects that may extend the antimicrobial activity of the parent compound depending on the nature of these moieties.

Ceftriaxone was first equipped with a spacer arm (linker) by the action of chloroacetyl chloride in aqueous medium and then further reacted with seven different aliphatic and aromatic amines which resulted in the production of the aimed final target products. The syntheses

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disorder of airways characterized by inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, inflammatory cell infiltration, mucous secretion, and remodelling. Ammi majus is medicinal plant belong to family of Apiaceous which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. This study designed to investigate of anti-asthmatic activity of alcoholic extract of Ammi majus in improvement of asthma. Forty-eight healthy female mice divided to six groups Group I:  the negative control group (distal water only), Group II: Positive control group (ovalbumin group), Group III: Ammi majus (64 mg/kg/day) with sensitization, Group IV:Ammi majus  (128 mg/kg/day) w

Abstract

Bioactive compounds present in date palm seeds that comprise varied secondary metabolites include phenolic acids, flavonoids and non-polar phytosterols with their different quantity were investigated in the current study as natural sources in determining the pharmacology effects of these bioactive compounds. The qualification and quantification of these bioactive compounds in date palm seeds had been done to be employed in an animal model for psoriasis. The extraction and fractionation is done for Phoenix dactylifera L as using two important fractions. The phenolic/flavonoid and phytosterols fractions. Thirty albino mice were divided into 5 Groups including Group I healthy mice; Group I

Alopecia areata is considered as a major health problem, its importance is attributed to its
recent increased incidence in our population. Till now, there is no exact cause for alopecia areata
although researchers thought it's an autoimmune disease.
This clinical study was designed to evaluate the role of trace elements (zinc and copper) in patients
with alopecia areata. Twenty patients were diagnosed as having alopecia areata with an age range
(10-40 years) were involved in this study. Normal subjects of the same age group were also
evaluated as control. The level of serum Zn and Cu were measured by flame atomic absorption
spectrophotometry in both control and patient group. And the ratio of Zn/Cu was also estimated

This study provides valuable information on secondary microbial infections in H1N1 patients compared to Seasonal Influenza in Iraqi Patients. Nasopharynx  swabs were collected from  (12 ) patients  infected with Seasonal influenza (11  from Baghdad  and 1 Patient from south of Iraq) ,and ( 22 ) samples from patients with 2009 H1N1 ( 20 from Baghdad and  2 from  south of Iraq). The results show that the patients infected with 2009 H1N1 Virus were younger than healthy subjects and those infected with seasonal influenza. And the difference reached to the level of significance     (p< 0.01) compared with healthy subjects.Two cases infected with 2009 H1N1 virus (9.1%) were fro

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is often characterized by hyperglycemia as a result of increased insulin resistance in hepatic/peripheral tissues and pancreactic B-cell dysfunction. Approximately 92% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus demonstrate insulin resistance, however hyperglycemia is always a consequence of insulin deficiency. This study was done on 120 patients newly diagnosed diabetes type 2 characterized by dyslipidemia that is increased triglycerides and decreased HDL. Hypoglycemia and weight gain are common problem with oral sulfonyl urea drugs. In this work three different oral hypoglycemic drugs repaglinide and glibenclamide (insulin secretagogues) and rosiglitazone (insulin sensitizer) were used for treatment of patients w

The development of new cephalosporins with improved activity against resistant microbes, such as, MRSA (methicillin resistant Staph. aureus), P. aeruginosa, is of high potential. Chemical synthesis of two new series of thiadiazole linked to cysteine (series 1) and cephalosporins containing thiadiazole linked to cysteine through disulfide bond (series 2) were achieved. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using spectral (FT-IR, ¹H-NMR) and elemental microanalysis. The incorporation of privileged chemical moieties, such as, thiadiazole, Schiff base, cysteine and sulfonamide, has been found to have great contribution to the antimicrobial activities. Compounds of series 1 (1

Anise and thyme crude extract were used to prepare a lotion for topical application due to their antimicrobial, germicidal and antifungal effects. Two formulas were prepared using the mentioned natural plants, formula 2 (selected lotion) was the most acceptable one which contained veegum and xanthan gum as suspending agents in addition to other exceipients providing it good properties with high physical stability because of its flocculating, pouring, resuspending easily with sedimentation volume (F) 0.96. In addition to unchangeable odor and color with expiration date of one year. While the Preliminary clinical study was done using this lotion on 10 patients with infecious viral skin diseases, it was found that this lotion was successful

Myelosuppression is one of the serious adverse effects of cancer chemotherapy that lead to life threatening febrile neutropenia and considered a limiting factor for successful therapy. Cyclophosphamide a widely used anticancer drugs, induces severe bone marrow suppression by damaging hematopoietic stem cells. As cancer incidence expands globally, the demand for an effective myeloprotective therapy during cancer treatment is also increasing.Nigella sativa seed oil, a well-known plant extract that widely used for various health conditions. This study aims to evaluate the myeloprotective activity of Nigella sativa seed oil in cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression mice model. Myelosuppression induced by single intraperitoneal injection o

Brimonidine is an active pharmaceutical ingredient used to treat glaucoma as a topical eye drop. Ophthalmic topical preparations are associated with low ocular bioavailability due to several physiological and analytical barriers. Many approaches have been investigated to overcome this problem, for example, changing the dosage form by using ocular injections, altering the chemical formula of the medicines as a prodrug, or using different drug carrier systems like nanomaterials. This study aims to prepare nanomicelles as an ophthalmic drug carrier for topical application by using Soluplus® as a polymeric surfactant and enhancing their physical properties by studying different factors. Brimonidine–soluplus nanomicelles were prepared by t

According to definition, polymeric nanoparticles (NP) exist as tiny, solid, colloidal particles ranging from 1-1000 nm in size, manufactured from biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, lipids, or metals. Polymeric nanoparticles have attracted substantial attention in various fields, including imaging, and diagnostics, and considered as interesting choices for drug delivery and targeting. The synthesis and stabilization of nanoparticles are crucial for their successful application.  Ionic Liquids-Based Surfactants (ILBS) have emerged as promising solvents and stabilizers owing to their distinct features, like minimal volatility, high thermal stability, and customizable physicochemical properties. It is distinguished from commercia

Risperidone is atypical antipsychotic agent used mainly in treating schizophrenia, it is classified as class II in BCS classification. Nanovesicular system may provide a circumvent to these hurdles. The aim of this study is to develop a physical stable nanovesicular system with improved characteristics by addition of dicetyl phosphate at various concentrations as charge inducing agent.

The preparation method was ecofriendly direct sonication. Span 60, cholesterol and drug at a fixed amounts were added to different concentrations of dicetyl phosphate ((0,3,6,12,18, and 24mg)/10 mL) to give six formulations, the final mixtures were added to phosphate buffer saline pH 7.4 and sonicated at 60°C without usage of organic solvents along

        A molecular mechanism of the ciprofloxacin adverse effects provoked thruogh the inhibition of the topoisomerase II in the mitochondrial that cause mitochondrial DNA impairment of transcription and replication. Daunorubicin (DNR) clinical use has been limited by its cardiotoxicity. Iron-mediated increase oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes is the main mechanism of the anthracycline cardiotoxicity. Elevated levels of circulating cardiac troponins are myocardial damage predictors. Troponin T and I are cardiac troponins, while troponin C specific to the skeletal muscle. Lutein is an oxygenated carotenoid that derived from the diet in all mammalians including humans. Lutein has anti-inflammatory effects, anti-genotoxic, improvin

Drug nanocrystals are nanoscopic crystals of the parent compound with dimensions less than 1 µm. A decrease in particle size will lead to an increase in effective surface area in the diffusion layer, which, in turn, increases the drug dissolution rate. Drug nanocrystals are one of the most important strategies to enhance the oral bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs.

Cefixime is the first member of what is generally termed the third generation orally active cephalosporins. These third generation cephalosporins are distinct from the older β-lactam antibiotics in their intensive antibacterial activity against a wide range of gram-negative bacteria.

The aim of this study is to prepare nanocrystals of cefixime as a caps

Scrophularia. striata from Scrophulariacea family has been used in Iranian folk medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases. In this study we evaluated the synergistic effect of S. striata   hydroalcoholic extract (SSE) and commercially available antibiotics against P. aeroginosa and Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The resazurin-based microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of plan extract and standard antibiotics. The interaction between standard antibiotics and SSE was evaluated by using checkerboard method. The results of this study revealed that SSE enhance the antibacterial activity of antibiotics. The combin

Abstract

Olanzapine (OLZ) is classified a typical antipsychotic drug, which utilized for treatment of schizophrenia. It possesses poor water solubility and high membrane permeability, so, OLZ classified as class II according to biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS). Its oral bioavailability is (60%) due to poor solubility and extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism. Hence, the objective of this study was to prepare and evaluate the nanoparticles of OLZ for transdermal delivery. Nanoprecipitation method was employed to formulate the nanoparticles, where methanol utilized to dissolve the drug and form organic phase, which was added to an aqueous phase that consist of deionized water and stabilizer at speed

Febuxostat (FEB) is a potent, non-purine-selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductase used to manage gout. Gout is a type of arthritis that occurs due to the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints, leading to inflammation and pain. According to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), FEB was classified under class II drugs. The low dissolution rate of the drug determines its bioavailability at approximately 49%. Drug nanosizing, such as Nanosuspensions (NS), represents an exciting and potentially beneficial method to improve the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. This study aimed to prepare and characterize FEB NS to increase the dissolution rate, which can enhance its oral bioavailability. Using solvent/anti-so

         Long-term use of sulfonylureas including chlorpropamide, is known to potentiate the antidiuretic action of arginine vasopressin (AVP), predisposing to hyponatremia.The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of long term use of glibenclamide on serum and urinary levels of sodium and potassium in Type 2 DM patients in Iraqi DM centers. Ninety eight patients with Type 2 DM who were maintained on different doses of glibenclamide for at least 1 year, attending the centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology in Al-Rusafa, Baghdad, were enrolled in the study, in addition to 15 normal healthy subjects. Patients were allocated into three groups according to the dose of glibenc

Multiple myeloma is hematological disease produces many complications in the bone, kidney, neural and other complications. The study aims to measure serum biomolecules like fetuin-A and resistin and determined the possibility to use these biomarkers as disease predictor. blood samples were isolated from 58 patients and 24 sex and age-matched control, serum then isolated, and proper ELISA kit then used to a determined level of B2 microglobulin, resistin, and fetuin-A. The result demonstrated significant increase in   B2 microglobulin, fetuin-A and resistin in patients compare to control (1.3470.714 vs. 0.9130.253), p = 0.000, (14.00310.352 vs. 9.2594.264), p= 0.005, (1.9673.595 vs. 0.6040.622), p = 0.009, respectively. &

Selexipag is an orally selective long-acting prostacyclin receptor agonist, which indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. It is practically insoluble in water ( class II, according to BCS). This work aims to prepare and optimized Selexipag nanosuspensions to achieve an enhancement in the in vitro dissolution rate. The solvent antisolvent precipitation method was used for the production of nanosuspension, and the effect of formulation parameters (stabilizer type, drug: stabilizer ratio, and use of co-stabilizer) and process parameter (stirring speed) on the particle size and polydispersity index were studied. SLPNS prepared with Soluplus® as amain stabilizer (F15) showed the smallest particle size 47nm wi

Abstract

urgent surgical intervention and appendectomy until now represent standard treatment for uncomplicated cases of appendicitis. Nausea, vomiting and pain after surgery are the most frequent issues facing patients and affecting patient quality of life and responsible for many cases of readmission after surgery. Ketorolac and diclofenac represent the most commonly prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory used in postoperative setting and they cause many side effects as gastrointestinal, kidney and cardiac adverse effect in addition to increased risk of bleeding. Paracetamol is currently among the most frequently prescribed medication worldwide and it can be used safely for all age groups. This study aimed

Etoricoxib (EXB) is a highly selective cox-2 inhibitor which belongs to the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). EXB is a class II drug according to the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS), which possess a very low aqueous solubility in water.  In the present study, many trials were made to improve the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of EXB by solid dispersion technique.

Eighteenth EXB formulas were formulated as a solid dispersion using a variety of hydrophilic polymers (as carriers)   including poloxamer 407 (PXM 407), poloxamer 188 (PXM 188) and polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000) at different drug: polymer ratios (1:1, 1:3 and 1:5). These formulas were prepared by two methods; solvent

The systemic and resistant nature of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers (mCRPC) renders it largely incurable even after intensive multimodal therapy. Proliferation, survival, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are three fundamental events that are deeply linked to carcinogenesis.  Hence, it is necessary to find a new combination of several therapies, targeting those vital mechanisms without causing side effects. Significant research works have shown differential low expression of the metabolic Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in primary and metastatic prostate cancer suggesting their importance in prostate pathogenesis. Obticholic acid (INT 747), a potent FXR agonist is widely used in primary biliary chola