The discovery of novel therapeutic molecules is always difficult, and there are a variety of methodologies that use the most diverse and innovative medicinal chemistry approaches. One such approach is the deuteration technique: Deuteration is the process of substituting deuterium for hydrogen in a molecule. When compared to the drug molecule, its deuterated analogues may retain the features of the original molecule and, in some cases, improve its pharmacological activity, with fewer side effects and lower toxicity. Metronidazole is a commonly used antibiotic to treat anaerobic bacterial infections, protozoal and microaerophilic bacterial infections. Met

The present study aim at preparing frusemide in liquid form suitable for oral use. This is achieved through preparing different liquid forms of frusemide. The frusemide liquid is prepared in the following forms: oral solution, syrup and elixir with intensity of 1, 0.4 and 0.8% weight /volume respectively and in combination with potassium carbonate, polysorbate 80, alcohol and phosphate buffer solution of pH8 to dissolve the frusemide in the above mentioned forms. The different forms of the prepared medicine have been stored in glass bottles that can provide protection against light and at 40, 50, 60⁰C for four months. Besides the pH has been checked to decide the period of validity. The results show that the expiration date of

         Recently, emulgel has emerged as one of the most interesting topical preparations in the field of pharmaceutics. In this research clotrimazole was formulated as topically applied emulgel ; different formulas were prepared. The prepared emulgels were evaluated for their physical appearance , rheological behaviour , and in vitro drug release . The influence of the type of gelling agent (carbopol 934 and methyl cellulose), the concentration of both the emulsifying agent (2% and 4% w/w of mixture of span 20 and tween 20) and the oil phase (5% and 7.5% w/w of liquid paraffin) and the type of oil phase (liquid paraffin and cetyl alcohol), on the drug release from the prepared emulgels was invest

  The content of Furocoumarin derivatives (Psoralens) of Ruta Chalepensis L. (Whole plant) was studied by simple extraction with petroleum ether (b.p. 60-80C^o). The results indicated that the plant contains a total of about (0.015%).

       Investigation of these compounds by thin layer chromatography (TLC) revealed the presence of at least four compounds of which methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen) was isolated.     It was identified and authenticated with a standard by spectral method, IR, NMR, Mass spectra and HPLC.This plant could be considered as a good source for supplying this compound, which is widely used in dermatological preparations.

Rotaviruses, a major cause of gastroenteritis in children worldwide accounts for around half a million deaths annually. Vaccine against the virus has been recommended by the WHO to be involved in the national immunization program.To evaluate the genetic characterization of rotavirus among children with acute gastroenteritis in Babylon province is warranted. Children complained of diarrhea with rotavirus infection detected in their stool were involved in the study. The age range was 10 months to 60 months and with retrogradechecking of rotavirus vaccine history. Rotavirus genotypes were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).A total number of 40 children with rotavirus gastroenteritis were used to examine the

One of the most common metabolic illnesses in the world is diabetes mellitus. This metabolic disease is responsible for a large percentage of the burden of kidney damage and dysfunction. The goal of this study was to look into the renal function of diabetic patients using metformin monotherapy who came to Mosul's Al-Wafaa diabetes care and research facility. During the period 1 January 2021 to 30 April 2021, 47 patients with T2DM (age 50.48 7.74 years) were enrolled in this case-control study. These patients' results were compared to a control group of 47 seemingly healthy people (age 45.89 9.06 years). All participants' demographic and medical histories were acquired through the delivery of a questionnaire. Blood samples were collected

This study include design and synthesis of 2 derivatives of compounds consisting of mefenamic acid, glycine and organic nitrates (2-nitrooxy ethanol or 1,3-dinitrooxy-2-propanol). Nitric oxide NO has been reported to support many of the same mucosal protection mechanisms as prostaglandins and is sufficient for acute gastroprotection and ulcer healing. So we suppose these 2 compounds would reduce non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs gastrointestinal side effect.

Key words: Non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory dr

Genistein (GEN) is The major isoflavone found in soybeans, has a number of cardiovascular health benefits, Postmenopausal syndrome and osteoporosis. A direct flow injection analysis method for estimation of (GEN) in pure and supplements formulation . This system is based on diazotization coupling reactions between procaine penciline (PR) and genistein in basic medium, they formed yellow dyes have maximum absorption at 416 nm. Calibration curve were constructed over different GEN concentrations, linearity for GEN was 10-100 µg.mL-1 and detection limits of 1.51 ?g/mL. In the FIA technique, all analytical factors were analyzed and optimized. The established method was successfully used to determine GEN in the formulations of its supplement

 There are obstacles to high levels of hypertension awareness that are embedded in gender, income and lifestyle habits which need to be addressed leading to high levels of undiagnosed and uncontrolled hypertension. This study aimed to explore the various factors which affect hypertension awareness among a hypertensive population in a tertiary care hospital.

 A quantitative study was conducted among hypertensive patients at a tertiary care hospital in Selangor, Malaysia. A validated and translated questionnaire was utilised as a data collection tool. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 25.

A thousand participants (female n=621, male n= 379) were recruited, and their

Toxins, especially 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), are among the most commonly utilized models of Parkinson's disease (PD) based on the method utilized, MPTP causes different changes like striatal dopamine depletion , and behavioral abnormality. Phytochemical analysis of Echinops mosulensis extract indicated that there was significant amount of flavonoid present in extract. Flavonoids are belonging to several kinds of plant polyphenols exert a potent antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of present study was to investigate neuroprotective effect of flavonoid fractions of Iraqi Echinops mosulensis on induced PD model in mice. Forty male mice were randomly arrayed i

             A new series of sulfonamide derivatives (6a-c), containing 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (5a-c) ring system, were synthesized and their structures were identified by using ATR-FT-IR and ¹HNMR spectroscopic analytical techniques. The synthesized compounds undergo in vitro evaluation to assess their antimicrobial activity against specific strains of Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi species and compare them with standard antimicrobial drugs such as sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, and fluconazole. The results indicate successful synthesis of the target compounds, which exhibit high activity against, Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, S. pneumonia, and B. subtilis), moderate to high activity again

The free –COOH of NSAIDs is thought to be one of the causes that responsible for the GI irritation associated ,in this study NSAIDs were conjugated with gabapentin through ester bond using chloroacetyl chloride as a spacer. The methodology of this work consist three steps: Gabapentin was reacted with para substituted benzaldehyde to protect the free amine group via converting it to  imine (Schiff base) II(1a-b) , Esterification by the reaction of  NSAID with chloroacetyl chloride to give the  corresponding ester III , The reaction of III with II(1a-b) to give the final product III(1a-h). The structures of these compounds were confirmed and characterized by attenuated total reflectance -Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the occupational health hazards that face health care providers in Sulaimani City.

Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted utilizing quantitative data collection methods. It involved 159 respondents including Physicians, Pharmacists, Medical assistants, Laboratory Instructors and Nurses who worked in 8 major health facilities in Sulaimani city, Kurdistan region, Iraq.

Results: Nurses were the most susceptible group to sharp related injuries 13.84%, cuts and wounds 10.69% than the others and they were more experiencing verbal abuse in the workplace 15%. Laboratory instructors represent the most exposed group

Awsaj (Lycium barbarum) is a plant belong to family Solanaceae serves as a good source of bioactive compounds like phytosterols which have many important biological activity. Literature survey available so far revealed that there was no studies about Iraqi wild Awsaj phytosterols especially B-sitosterol, there for the objective of this study was to examine the efficiency of ultrasound assisted extraction (probe and bath) as compared to the conventional (Soxhlet) extraction method for extraction of phytosterols especially B-sitosterol from fruits, leaves, stems and roots of Iraqi wild Awsaj plant. This goal was achieved by comparing the extraction mass yield, also by a quick and easy approach for identification and quantification of bioac

Synthesis of new nucleoside analogues of the type : 3¢ , 3¢ - gem – di – C – nitromethly , expected to have useful application in the chemotherapeutic treatment of AIDS , cancer and microbial infections. The synthesis involved the condensation of the appropriate sugar derivative ( i.e . 3¢ , 3¢ –  gem – di – C – nitromethly – 1–  ribofuranose ) with nitrogen bases , such as , uracil and theophllin following a multi step scheme starting from diacetone golucose (1) (scheme 1) .The prepared compound were identified by spectroscopic methods ; ir , mass , ¹H and ¹³C nmr.

Rifampicin is the drug of choice in treatment of tuberculosis. Also, it is effective in treatment of various bacterial infections.This study was carried out to prepare a stable suspension for rifampicin through preparation of different formulas of rifampicin aqueous suspension either as ready to use or as granular powder to be reconstituted.The selected formula (A) was evaluated and compared with commercial brand of rifampicin (Rifactine^®) as a reference through measuring their dissolution rates and other physical properties.The results indicated that the selected formula had better dissolution rate compared with the reference suspension and the rheogram showed that the selected formula was less

Chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis are frequently suffering from uremic pruritus, which can be quite uncomfortable. Uremic pruritus affects over 40% of hemodialysis patients. Bile acids have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pruritus; especially in conditions associated with cholestasis. The purpose of the study is to investigate the serum levels of total bile acids in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis, with and without uremic pruritus. Ninety adults, chronic kidney disease patients who were on chronic hemodialysis at the hemodialysis unit at Al-Fallujah Teaching Hospital in Fallujah City, Iraq, were involved. Patients were grouped equally in two groups; according to the presence or absence of prur

The carboxylic acid group of quinolones was modified; so, we designed new quinolones derivatives with different antioxidants using Ligand Designer from Glide (Schrodinger LLC). The cap group and the linker were optimized through trying various aliphatic and aromatic residues. A new synthesized derivatives (IIa-Vb) were synthesized by esterification of (ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, nalidixic acid and norfloxacin) with antioxidants (a: vanillin, b: sesamol) through a glycol linker. Based on spectral data (NMR, ATR-FTIR) their structure were confirmed. The synthesized compounds were screened for their Pharmacological activities. In vivo, the anti-inflammatory effect of (IIa-Vb) compounds was estimated using a rat paw edema model and showed

Rituximab (RTX) is one of the biological medications that has been used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancer. However, a high percentage of patients may experience resistance to RTX therapy. The study aims to investigate the potential association of serum levels of the complement decay accelerating factor (DAF), as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 Beta (IL-1β); with response to RTX treatment in rheumatoid arthritis patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted under specialized physician supervision in the Specialized Center of Rheumatology at Baghdad Teaching Hospital in Baghdad/Iraq. Ninety adult patients who were already d

Plumbago auriculata is a perennial plant belong to Plumbaginaceae family. It is an endemic genus of 18 species in South Africa. All plant parts have many phytochemical compounds appearing several pharmacological activities. The study was aimed to isolate and identify of the bioactive phenolic compounds (luteolin and ferulic acid) from Plumbago auriculata cultivated in Iraq by various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The plant materials were defatted with n-hexane solvent by maceration for 48hr, and extracted by soxhlet apparatus using 85% methanol solvent, then fractionated with the solvents of petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify

Obesity by multiple mechanisms can contribute not only to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) but also by further worsening the patient’s condition. One of these mechanisms may include the disturbances of neuropeptide Y (NPY) serum level which is one of the most powerful orexigenic peptides, that’s produced in large amounts in the hypothalamus, as well as in peripheral adipose tissue. The present study aimed to assess the impact of obesity in type 2 diabetic patients on serum neuropeptide-Y level and its impact on fasting serum glucose and insulin levels. Eighty-seven T2DM patients attending the clinic of The National Center of Diabetes Treatment & Research/Baghdad, were included in this study, had been categorized

Rheumatoid arthritis is a lifelong autoimmune arthritic disorder that mostly impacts the small joints, although it can also affect the larger joints. Infliximab is a chimeric monoclonal IgG antibody that specifically targets tumor necrosis factor, a crucial material associated with pathogenic processes. Remicade is an original medication of infliximab. Monitoring the trough level is essential for managing disease activity, while C-reactive protein (CRP) and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) are utilized to detect inflammation and anticipate the drug's effectiveness. The study was designed to assess the impact of Remicade trough level on both disease activity and inflammatory biomarkers. A cross-sectional, observational research was ca

Abstract

Olanzapine (OLZ) is classified a typical antipsychotic drug, which utilized for treatment of schizophrenia. It possesses poor water solubility and high membrane permeability, so, OLZ classified as class II according to biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS). Its oral bioavailability is (60%) due to poor solubility and extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism. Hence, the objective of this study was to prepare and evaluate the nanoparticles of OLZ for transdermal delivery. Nanoprecipitation method was employed to formulate the nanoparticles, where methanol utilized to dissolve the drug and form organic phase, which was added to an aqueous phase that consist of deionized water and stabilizer at speed

Pharmaceutical companies assign a budget for activities and promotions that aim to change the prescription habits of the physicians to choose the most suitable medications for their patients, which will eventually grow their sales.

The study's objectives were to explore physicians' and medical representatives' perspectives on the criteria of impactful professional PP and the factors influencing the interaction between physicians and medical representatives.

Qualitative in-depth interviews with flexible probing techniques were carried out in 2023. A semi-structured, open-ended interview questionnaire was used to interview physicians and medical representatives (MRs) from different private clinics in several

Clozapine (CLZ) is a tricyclic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It belongs to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class II drug (High Permeability, Low Solubility), with a high first-pass effect. The current study used a technique called the solvent-antisolvent method to prepare a nanosuspension of clozapine with different stabilizers and solvents in an effort to increase the drug's solubility and dissolution. (Soluplus®, HPMC E15, PVA, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 407, PVP K30, PVP K90, and Tween 40) were used to produce the formula. Evaluations were done on particle size, PDI, zeta potential, and in vitro dissolution investigations. According to the data, all developed clozapine formulations h

Febuxostat (FEB) is a potent, non-purine-selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductase used to manage gout. Gout is a type of arthritis that occurs due to the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints, leading to inflammation and pain. According to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), FEB was classified under class II drugs. The low dissolution rate of the drug determines its bioavailability at approximately 49%. Drug nanosizing, such as Nanosuspensions (NS), represents an exciting and potentially beneficial method to improve the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. This study aimed to prepare and characterize FEB NS to increase the dissolution rate, which can enhance its oral bioavailability. Using solvent/anti-so

The plant known as Portulaca grandiflora L belongs to the family of flowering plants known as (Portulacaceae). It is a resilient plant that grows well in harsh environments and serves as a traditional remedy in various nations. Eleven O'clock, Moss-rose, Sunplant, gaddi roja, and Neelakeera are just a few of the popular names that are used to refer to this plant across the globe. The primary concern of the present investigation was establishing the presence of lupeol as a new metabolite in the Iraqi Portulaca grandiflora plant, which is triterpenes, have shown significant efficacy as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, cholesterol-lowering, wound healing, and antidiabetic agents. One hundred grams of the ent

Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (NFE2L-2) is one important endogenous anti -oxidative stress signal pathway. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) or genetic variants of NFE2L-2 may be accountable for the genesis of diabetic retinopathy. Glyoxalase-1 (Glo-1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MG) into D-lactate. The activity of GLO1 is regulated by the transcription factor NFE2L2.The goal of this study is to ascertain whether there is an association between the rs6706649 of NFE2L2 gene variant with serum GLO-1 levels in a group of Iraqi diabetic patients diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy (DR). This study included ninety patients diagnosed wi

Oral anticancer medicines are frequently administered to patients with cancer. Regrettably, many medications are administered without appropriate recommendations about handling practices. This study aims to assess the handling, storage, and disposal practices of oral anticancer medication among cancer patients at home. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2023 to February 2024 on adult cancer patients who were administered oral anticancer at the Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Center in Iraq using pre-validated questionnaire. In total, 300 patients were interviewed, with (57%) being male and approximately (47%) falling within the age range of 40 to 60 years. Regarding handling practices, most patients (96.7%) never w

          Murraya paniculata, sometimes known as orange Jessamine, is a significant decorative plant found in tropical and subtropical regions. It belongs to the Rutaceae family. The distribution of this species extends from South Asia to Australia. This plant possesses a multitude of applications in traditional medicine for the treatment of several ailments. The plant demonstrates an extensive array of pharmacological actions, involving antinociceptive, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, antibacterial, and analgesic effects. This study aims to conduct Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Phytochemical investigation of some bioactive constituents, and isolation of new compounds from Iraqi Murray