The issues related to the development of permafrost and seasonally frozen soils without their preliminary loosening by various earthmoving machines with active working bodies, magnetostrictive vibrators, that soften dense and frozen soils using acoustic elastic waves, are considered. The analytical studies allowed us to establish the regularities of the process of destruction of frozen soil by active teeth of bucket working bodies, according to which, the formulas for calculating the critical tensile stress and shear resistance were obtained. The research results allow us to determine the main parameters of wave loading for both a single radiation source and a group of "n" in-phase radiation sources. The intensity of the acoustic

Precision irrigation applications are used to optimize the use of water resources, by controlling plant water requirements through using different systems according to soil moisture and plant growth periods. In precision irrigation, different rates of irrigation water are applied to different places of the land in comparison with traditional irrigation methods. Thus the cost of irrigation water is reduced. As a result of the fact that precise irrigation can be used and applied in all irrigation systems, it spreads rapidly in all irrigation systems. The purpose of the Precision Agriculture Technology System (precision irrigation) , is to apply the required level of irrigation according to agricultural inputs to the specified location , by us

16 March of every year marked the anniversary of the chemical gas attack on the City of Halabja, Kurdistan, Iraq, and its nearby villages. In the process, 5000 people reportedly died from the attack. Many more were wounded and the event left nearly 60 000 people displaced. A perceived consequence of the chemical bombing of Halabja City was the environmental pollution of the soil and water. A recent questionnaire completed by the population of Halabja City indicated that 35% believed that water pollution was still an issue, and 55% thought that soil pollution posed a high risk.
In 2016, were requested by the Halabja City governor to investigate the situation. And to lay to rest the perception and

The precipitation of calcite induced via microorganisms (MICP) is a technique that has been developed as an innovative sustainable ground improvement method utilizing ureolytic bacteria to soil strengthening and stabilization. Locally isolated Bacillus Sonorensis from Iraqi soil samples were found to have high abilities in producing urease. This study aims to use the MICP technique in improving the undrained shear strength of soft clay soil using two native urease producing bacteria that help in the precipitation of calcite to increase the cementation between soil particles. Three concentrations of each of the locally prepared Bacillus sonorensis are used in this study for cementation reagent (0.25M, 0.5M, and 1M) during

The application of novel core-shell nanostructure composed of Cu, Ag, Au/NiO to improve the sensitivity of pure NiO to H2S gas sensors is demonstrated in this study. The growth of Cu, Ag, Au/NiO core-shell nanostructure is performed by chemical reaction of NiO on metal nanoparticle (Cu, Ag and Au) that prepared by pulsed laser ablation (PLA( technique. This is to form the homogeneous structure of the sensors investigated in this report to assess their sensitivity in terms of H2S detection. These novel H2S gas sensors were evaluated at operating temperatures of 25 °C, 100 °C and at 150 °C. The result reveals the Cu, Ag, Au/NiO core-shell nanostructure present a good sensitivity at low working temperatures compared by pure NiO nanoparti

This paper deals with load-deflection behavior the jointed plain concrete pavement system using steel dowel bars as a mechanism to transmit load across the expansion joints. Experimentally, four models of the jointed plain concrete pavement system were made, each model consists of two slabs of plain concrete that connected together across expansion by two dowel bars and the concrete slab were supported by the subgrade soil. Two variables were dealt with, the first is diameter of dowel bar (12, 16 and 20 mm) and the second is type of the subgrade soil, two types of soil were used which classified according to the (AASHTO): Type I (A-6) and type II (A-7-6). Experimental results showed that increasing dowel bar diameter from 12 mm to 20 mm

Soil is the cardinal resource for agricultural crops. Healthy soil will produce healthy plants. Since healthy soil is the important goal for the farmers, they need to select the best tillage system to achieve that goal. There are two main types of tillage systems. Conservation tillage (no-tillage farming) uses agricultural machinery that performs a double function; tillage and seed farming simultaneously. In contrast, conventional tillage farming uses multiple agricultural machines to till and seed the soil. The farmers in the northern governorates of Iraq have used the conservation farming system for a long time. However, the farmers who live in the middle and southern governorates in Iraq use conventional tillage farming. Because most of

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are composed of a collection of rechargeable sensor nodes. Typically, sensor nodes collect and deliver the necessary data in response to a user’s specific request in many application areas such as health, military and domestic purposes. Applying routing protocols for sensor nodes can prolong the lifetime of the network. Power Efficient GAthering in Sensor Information System (PEGASIS) protocol is developed as a chain based protocol that uses a greedy algorithm in selecting one of the nodes as a head node to transmit the data to the base station. The proposed scheme Multi-cluster Power Efficient GAthering in Sensor Information System (MPEGASIS) is developed based on PEGASIS routing protocol in WSN. The aim

The Pulse Coupled Oscillator (PCO) has attracted substantial attention and widely used in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), where it utilizes firefly synchronization to attract mating partners, similar to artificial occurrences that mimic natural phenomena. However, the PCO model might not be applicable for simultaneous transmission and data reception because of energy constraints. Thus, an energy-efficient pulse coupled oscillator (EEPCO) has been proposed, which employs the self-organizing method by combining biologically and non-biologically inspired network systems and has proven to reduce the transmission delay and energy consumption of sensor nodes. However, the EEPCO method has only been experimented in attack-free networks without