Complement activation leads to membrane attack complex formation, which can lyse not only pathogens but also host cells. Histones can be released from the lysed or damaged cells and serve as a major type of damage-associated molecular pattern, but their effects on the complement system are not clear. In this study, we pulled down two major proteins from human serum using histone-conjugated beads: one was C-reactive protein and the other was C4, as identified by mass spectrometry. In surface plasmon resonance analysis, histone H3 and H4 showed stronger binding to C4 than other histones, with KD around 1 nM. The interaction did not affect C4 cleavage to C4a and C4b. Because histones bind to C4b, a component of C3 and C5 convertases, their activities were significantly inhibited in the presence of histones. Although it is not clear whether the inhibition was achieved through blocking C3 and C5 convertase assembly or just through reducing their activity, the outcome was that both classical and mannose-binding lectin pathways were dramatically inhibited. Using a high concentration of C4 protein, histone-suppressed complement activity could not be fully restored, indicating C4 is not the only target of histones in those pathways. In contrast, the alternative pathway was almost spared, but the overall complement activity activated by zymosan was inhibited by histones. Therefore, we believe that histones inhibiting complement activation is a natural feedback mechanism to prevent the excessive injury of host cells.
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the new respiratory virus SARS-CoV2. It has a tropism in the lung tissues where excess target receptors exist. Periostin plays a role in subepithelial fibrosis associated with bronchial asthma. Since the Coronavirus's target is the human respiratory system, Periostin has been recently described as a valuable new biomarker in the diagnosis and evaluation of disease in patients with COVID-19 lung involvement. Objectives: To assess the level of Periostin in the serum of COVID-19 patients and to correlate its role in disease severity and prognosis. Subjects and Methods: Periostin serum levels were measured for 63 patients attending three main COVID
... Show MoreChronic Hepatitis B(CHB) is a serious sequel after Hepatitis B Virus infection, although the rate of chronicity is inverse with age but it may be associated with a significant proportion of deaths related to cirrhosis and liver cancer. HBV serology and measurement of hepatocytic enzymes with viral load can predict disease prognosis and response to treatment. HBeAg refers to a high viral replication and associated with more infectivity to others. This study aimed to determine the impact of HBeAg status in chronically infected patients on various baseline tests. A total of 90 patients with CHB infection who were included in this study. Several standardized measures used for liver function tests, viral load and hepatitis B serological
... Show MoreThe purpose of this paper is applying the robustness in Linear programming(LP) to get rid of uncertainty problem in constraint parameters, and find the robust optimal solution, to maximize the profits of the general productive company of vegetable oils for the year 2019, through the modify on a mathematical model of linear programming when some parameters of the model have uncertain values, and being processed it using robust counterpart of linear programming to get robust results from the random changes that happen in uncertain values of the problem, assuming these values belong to the uncertainty set and selecting the values that cause the worst results and to depend buil
... Show MoreThis paper presents the non-linear finite element method to study the behavior of four reinforced rectangular concrete MD beams with web circular openings tested under two-point load. The numerical finite elements methods have been used in a much more practical way to achieve approximate solutions for more complex problems. The ABAQUS /CAE is chosen to explore the behavior of MD beams. This paper also studies, the effect of both size and shape of the circular apertures of MD beams. The strengthening technique that used in this paper is externally strengthening using CFRP around the opening in the MD beams. The numerical results were compared to the experimental results in terms of ultimate load failure and displace
... Show MoreThe two objectives of the current research are :-
- Uncover the views and opinions of the students of Artistic Education Department about the relation between educational novelty and its relation with visual .
- Identifying the capabilities of the students of artistic education department .
The society of the research is the fourth class students of artistic education department - College of Fine Arts ( 83 students from both sexes ) . It was chosen ( 60 ) students sample of from both sexes by the researcher in order to conduct test upon them .The researcher has adopted descr
... Show MoreThis paper deals with the Magnetohydrodynyamic (Mill)) flow for a viscoclastic fluid of the generalized Oldroyd-B model. The fractional calculus approach is used to establish the constitutive relationship of the non-Newtonian fluid model. Exact analytic solutions for the velocity and shear stress fields in terms of the Fox H-function are obtained by using discrete Laplace transform. The effect of different parameter that controlled the motion and shear stress equations are studied through plotting using the MATHEMATICA-8 software.
The main object of this article is to study and introduce a subclass of meromorphic univalent functions with fixed second positive defined by q-differed operator. Coefficient bounds, distortion and Growth theorems, and various are the obtained results.