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The development of new homogenous and heterogeneous catalytic processes for the treatment of low grade palm oil
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Low grade crude palm oil (LGCPO) presents as an attractive option as feedstock for biodiesel production due to its low cost and non-competition with food resources. Typically, LGCPO contains high contents of free fatty acids (FFA), rendering it impossible in direct trans-esterification processes due to the saponification reaction. Esterification is the typical pre-treatment process to reduce the FFA content and to produce fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The pre-treatment of LGCPO using two different acid catalysts, such as titanium oxysulphate sulphuric acid complex hydrate (TiOSH) and 5-sulfosalicylic acid dihydrate (5-SOCAH) was investigated for the first time in this study. The optimum conditions for the homogenous catalyst (5-SOCAH) were determined as: 1.5 wt% of acid catalyst dosage, 60 °C reaction temperature, 8:1 methanol molar ratio at 60 min. For the heterogeneous TiOSH, higher catalyst dosages such as 7 wt% is required with a methanol loading of 10:1 (molar ratio) at 120 min to reduce the initial FFA to less than 3%. Under these optimum conditions for both types of catalysts; the FFA levels were reduced from 11.3 % to less than 3 %, individually. This study introduces for the first time two types of acidic catalysts with high catalytic activity for the esterification of FFA content in low grade oils for biodiesel production which could be used for the treatment of wide range of low quality oils.

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Publication Date
Fri Sep 30 2016
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering
Catalytic Reforming of Iraqi Naphtha over Pt-Ti / HY Zeolite Catalyst
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In the present work, zeolite Y has been synthesized successfully by sol-gel method.Zeolite was synthesized by crystallization of the final gel which consist from seeding and feed stock gels at  85 oC. HY zeolite was prepared by an ion exchange process with ammonium chloride solution and then loaded with different percentages of  platinum and titanium by the wet - impregnation method.

X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Florescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), BET surface area and, Crushing strength were used to characterize the synthesized and prepared catalysts . Results showed high crystallinity  90%  with silica to alumina ratio 5 for HY, high surface area of 600 m2/g and pore

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Publication Date
Sun Dec 30 2007
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering
Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation of Phenol in a Trickle Bed Reactor
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Catalytic wet air oxidation of aqueous phenol solution was studied in a pilot plant trickle bed reactor using copperoxide catalyst supported on alumina and silica. Catalysts were prepared by impregnating method. Effect of feed solutionpH (5.9, 7.3, and 9.2), gas flow rate (20%, 50%, 80%, and 100%), WHSV (1, 2, and 3 h-1), temperature (120°C, 140°C,and 160°C), oxygen partial pressure (6, 9, 12 bar), and initial phenol concentration (1, 2, and 4 g/l).Generally, theperformance of the catalysts was better when the pH of feed solution was increased. The catalysts deactivation is relatedto the dissolution of the metal oxides from the catalyst surface due to the acidic conditions. Phenol oxidation reactionwas strongly affected by WHSV,

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Publication Date
Sun Dec 30 2007
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering
Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation of Phenol in a Trickle Bed Reactor
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Catalytic wet air oxidation of aqueous phenol solution was studied in a pilot plant trickle bed reactor using copper
oxide catalyst supported on alumina and silica. Catalysts were prepared by impregnating method. Effect of feed solution
pH (5.9, 7.3, and 9.2), gas flow rate (20%, 50%, 80%, and 100%), WHSV (1, 2, and 3 h-1), temperature (120°C, 140°C,
and 160°C), oxygen partial pressure (6, 9, 12 bar), and initial phenol concentration (1, 2, and 4 g/l).Generally, the
performance of the catalysts was better when the pH of feed solution was increased. The catalysts deactivation is related
to the dissolution of the metal oxides from the catalyst surface due to the acidic conditions. Phenol oxidation reaction
was strongly

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Publication Date
Wed Jul 22 2026
Journal Name
Journal Of Studies And Researches Of Sport Education
The effect of rebound jumping exercises on the development of the special strength of the lower limbs among the players of the National Center for the Nurturing of Talented Sports in the high jump.
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The high bounce activity according to the fosbery way is regarded as of the difficult sports concerning its way of training and perfection due to hard technique of its performance on one hand and because it depends on the player’s ability to overcome body weight resistance against the gravity. In addition to the strong ability to control the body posture when leaving the land and flying over the barrier. This activity needs to high plosion power at the moment of bouncing and this plosion depends on the period of bouncing, so the two researchers aimed to use a mechanical bouncing platform and an electronic one through several training by one foot and both feet in different directions and positions in order to reduce the time of bouncing an

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Publication Date
Fri Mar 19 2021
Journal Name
Annals Of The Romanian Society For Cell Biology 25 (6), 10203-10208‏
Effect of Boron Spray and Pollination Methods on “Zahdi” Date Palm Yield and Fruits Quality‏
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Publication Date
Mon Jan 02 2017
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
Domestic dialogue and its relationship with Self- Transcendence among pupils of grade praimary
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The dialogue considers a method and life curriculum help to solve many problems as well as the best way to build a healthy family setting supports the growth of children and leads to the formation sound, strong and positive character. It also supports the family relationship. many of family members needs may achieve through what prevails among them such as continuing a comprehensive and deep combines word, deed and feeling it enters the body and soul . So each part strengthens by the other part and exchanges effect The deep domestic dialogue opens hearts between parents and children  Family increases more loving , intimacy , honesty and happiness. So the domestic dialogue became an urgent necessity in the light of many socia

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Publication Date
Sun Aug 01 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of Physics: Conference Series
Evaluation and development of Shatt Al-Diwaniya and the diversion canal of Shatt Al-Diwaniya
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Abstract<p>Shatt Al-Diwaniya branches from Shatt Al-Hilla and extends for about 112 km until the Al-Rumaitha district within the study area located in Al-Diwaniya Governorate, Iraq. It is considered the main source for providing drinking water and supplying irrigation projects to the cities Al-Diwaniya and Al-Rumaitha. The study aims to evaluate, study, and develop Shatt Al-Diwaniya, as well as the new lined canal branching from Shatt Al-Diwaniya which. It is called Shatt Al-Diwaniya Diversion Canal. Field measurements of the discharge and water level were monitored, six sets for Shatt Al-Diwaniya and three sets for Diversion Canal. A one-dimensional model was developed by using HEC-RAS 5.0.7 so</p> ... Show More
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Publication Date
Thu Dec 01 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Wormholes Models for the Optimum Matrix Acidizing in Mi4 Unit-Ahdeb Oil Field
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Innovative laboratory research and fluid breakthroughs have improved carbonate matrix stimulation technology in the recent decade. Since oil and gas wells are stimulated often to increase output and maximum recovery, this has resulted in matrix acidizing is a less costly alternative to hydraulic fracturing; therefore, it is widely employed because of its low cost and the fact that it may restore damaged wells to their previous productivity and give extra production capacity. Limestone acidizing in the Mishrif reservoir has never been investigated; hence research revealed fresh insights into this process. Many reports have stated that the Ahdeb oil field's Mishrif reservoir has been unable to be stimulated due to high injection pressures, wh

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Crossref (2)
Crossref
Publication Date
Thu Dec 01 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Wormholes Models for the Optimum Matrix Acidizing in Mi4 Unit-Ahdeb Oil Field
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Innovative laboratory research and fluid breakthroughs have improved carbonate matrix stimulation technology in the recent decade. Since oil and gas wells are stimulated often to increase output and maximum recovery, this has resulted in matrix acidizing is a less costly alternative to hydraulic fracturing; therefore, it is widely employed because of its low cost and the fact that it may restore damaged wells to their previous productivity and give extra production capacity. Limestone acidizing in the Mishrif reservoir has never been investigated; hence research revealed fresh insights into this process. Many reports have stated that the Ahdeb oil field's Mishrif reservoir has been unable to be stimulated due to high inj

... Show More
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Scopus (4)
Crossref (2)
Scopus Crossref
Publication Date
Sat Jan 01 2022
Journal Name
Geotechnical Engineering And Sustainable Construction
Determine the Most Common Geotechnical Risks and Their Impacts on the Cost and Time Schedule for Implementing Water Treatment Plants in Iraq
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