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The development of new homogenous and heterogeneous catalytic processes for the treatment of low grade palm oil
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Low grade crude palm oil (LGCPO) presents as an attractive option as feedstock for biodiesel production due to its low cost and non-competition with food resources. Typically, LGCPO contains high contents of free fatty acids (FFA), rendering it impossible in direct trans-esterification processes due to the saponification reaction. Esterification is the typical pre-treatment process to reduce the FFA content and to produce fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The pre-treatment of LGCPO using two different acid catalysts, such as titanium oxysulphate sulphuric acid complex hydrate (TiOSH) and 5-sulfosalicylic acid dihydrate (5-SOCAH) was investigated for the first time in this study. The optimum conditions for the homogenous catalyst (5-SOCAH) were determined as: 1.5 wt% of acid catalyst dosage, 60 °C reaction temperature, 8:1 methanol molar ratio at 60 min. For the heterogeneous TiOSH, higher catalyst dosages such as 7 wt% is required with a methanol loading of 10:1 (molar ratio) at 120 min to reduce the initial FFA to less than 3%. Under these optimum conditions for both types of catalysts; the FFA levels were reduced from 11.3 % to less than 3 %, individually. This study introduces for the first time two types of acidic catalysts with high catalytic activity for the esterification of FFA content in low grade oils for biodiesel production which could be used for the treatment of wide range of low quality oils.

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Publication Date
Sat Aug 01 2020
Journal Name
Nanotechnology For Environmental Engineering
Synthesis of Ni@γ-Al2O3@PID\SiW recyclable nanocatalyst and its catalytic reduction and antibacterial activities
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Publication Date
Mon Jan 02 2017
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
The impact of the proposed strategy in accordance with the objectives of science in achievement and some science operations at the second-grade middle students in chemistry
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It aim current researchs֬ to identify the impact of a proposed strategy in accordance with the objectives of science in the achievement and some science processes, where the experimental method was adopted, and define the research community was students second grade averag in Education Bagdad / Rusafa third, research sample intentionally chosen as school Radwan, and (30) students experimental group and (29) of control group, research tools were achievement test and the test of science operations and use the appropriate statistical tools to process information and data, showing results, the experimental group surpassed the control group in the collection and operations science, and light it, the researcher recommended several recommendat

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Publication Date
Sun Feb 28 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The impact of financial development on economic growth in Iraq for the period (2004-2018):An Analytical Econometric Study
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            The objective of this study is to measure the impact of financial development on economic growth in Iraq over the period (2004-2018) by applying a fully corrected square model (FMOLS) Whereas, a set of variables represented by (credit-to-private ratio of GDP, the ratio of money supply in the broad sense of GDP, percentage of bank deposits from GDP) were chosen as indicators for measuring financial development and GDP to measure economic growth.

Major tests have been carried out, such as the stability test (Unite Root Test), the integration test (Cointegration). Results of the study showed that there

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Publication Date
Fri Dec 22 2006
Journal Name
Journal Of Planner And Development
Cultural development throughout the ages
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Urbanization can not be seen as a modern phenomenon. It has led people to live and live in cities for thousands of years. It should be noted here that the oldest villages and large cities have emerged after the crystallization of civilization, that the emergence of cities was one of the phenomena of civilization. There is no doubt that the cities after the emergence has contributed to the development of civilization effective contribution. There has been a civilizational progress when the man practiced agriculture and used metal tools and invented the wheels and went to write in the New Stone Age. In this period, many changes in the field have taken place in economic, cultural and social life. In the economic and cultural aspect, this tr

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Publication Date
Tue Mar 01 2011
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Study of the marketing supply chain of the fuel oil productUsing transport models
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The marketing logistic chain, as an integrated system aimed to balance the achievement of its main opposite objectives which represented in the access to the best service presented to the customer with lowest possible logistic costs especially the transportation costs, where encourages the researcher to choose the second objective as a field of this study in order to reduce the transportation costs in the final link of marketing logistic chain which related to delivering of fuel oil to the customer that falls within organizational responsibilities of the company under consideration (Oil Marketing Company) and also known in a brief name by (SOMO) through two methods, the first is by functioning quantative techniques by using trans

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Publication Date
Thu Nov 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Analysis of the relationship between the prices of wheat and rice importer in Iraq and crude oil prices and the exchange rate using the ARDL model
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Since the beginning of 21st century, the prices of Agricultural crops have increased. This Increases is accompanied with that increases of crude oil prices and fluctuation of a dollar exchange rate as a dominant currency used in the global trade. The paper aimed to analysis the short run and long run cointegration relationships between prices of some of Agricultural crops imported by Iraq such as wheat and rice crops and both the crude oil prices and the Iraq dinar exchange rate a gained America dollar using ARDL model. The results show the long run equilibrium between they three variable throng the error correction mechanizem. The results also show the significant and economically sound effects of cru

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Publication Date
Wed Nov 20 2024
Journal Name
Naunyn-schmiedeberg's Archives Of Pharmacology
The potential role of targeting the leptin receptor as a treatment for breast cancer in the context of hyperleptinemia: a literature review
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Since cancer is becoming a leading cause of death worldwide, efforts should be concentrated on understanding its underlying biological alterations that would be utilized in disease management, especially prevention strategies. Within this context, multiple bodies of evidence have highlighted leptin’s practical and promising role, a peptide hormone extracted from adipose and fatty tissues with other adipokines, in promoting the proliferation, migration, and metastatic invasion of breast carcinoma cells. Excessive blood leptin levels and hyperleptinemia increase body fat content and stimulate appetite. Also, high leptin level is believed to be associated with several conditions, including overeating, emotional stress, inflammation, obesity,

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Publication Date
Sun Oct 01 2017
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
Obstacles to development in the field of education
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Education is the most powerful and important weapon in fighting poverty and unemployment because it provides students with new skills that appropriate the new market requirements and fair distribution of natural resources. It also transfers knowledge, skills, and ethics over generations. Education aims to create effective leaders who go under training and rehabilitation process, create a new human and instill faith, generate the creativity and innovation, and keep abreast with scientific process, updating curriculum, and finally, applying the technical education

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Publication Date
Mon Jan 01 2007
Journal Name
Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal
Therapeutic evaluation of spironolactone and finasteride in the treatment of acne vulgaris
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S Khalifa E, AM Sabeeh A, AN Adil A, AW Ghassan H…, 2007

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Publication Date
Tue Nov 01 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Cleaner Production
Modeling of biogas production and biodegradability of date palm fruit wastes with different moisture contents
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