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Optimum Separation Pressure for Heavy Oils Sequential Separation
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Abstract<p>The estimation of quantity of liquid that is collected from gas/oil separation system is a very complex task because it requires the application of the flash calculations which needs to solve the cubic equation of state and to use some numerical techniques. These difficulties can be overcome by a computer model which requires a lot of experimental data, long time, and experience.</p><p>This paper adopts a new technique to simplify this problem. It suggests new correlations for optimum separator pressure for separation station of heavy oils. The correlations have been achieved for two- and three- stage separation systems.</p><p>The correlations have been created depending on many Iraqi oil samples. The optimum separator pressure of each individual separator was found at the maximum amount of liquid recovered with the minimum oil formation volume factor.</p><p>The Optimum Separator Soave – Redlich – Kwong model (OSSRK) has been adopted to estimate the optimum separator pressure, while the objective functions, like oil formation volume factor, are predicted by Separator Flash Soave – Redlich – Kwong model (SFSRK) (Hassan 2004).</p><p>The optimum separator pressures have been correlated with mole percent of hexane plus in the well stream fluid, mole percent of methane in the well stream fluid, temperature of the separator and the optimum pressure of the previous separator. Nonlinear multiple regression analysis has been applied to get the best correlation for each system.</p><p>Many statistical tests are used to check the validity of the proposed correlations.</p><p>The error percents of API, GOR, Bo between the optimal cases for each model and the relevant correlations show a maximum of 0.047%, 0.3% and 0.15% for two – stage systems, and 0.2%, 0.6% and 0.22% for three – stage systems. Also the cross plot method is applied to test the correlation validity. These checks are good indication to use these correlations with high degree of confidence.</p>
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Publication Date
Sat Dec 31 2016
Journal Name
Al-kindy College Medical Journal
Diagnostic Value Of Post Exercise Systolic Blood Pressure Response In Ischemic Heart Disease
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 Background: The normal decline in systolic blood pressure during recovery phase of treadmill exercise dose not occur in most patients with coronary artery disease, in others recovery values systolic blood pressure may even exceed the peak exercise value. Objectives: Treadmill exercise test parameters indicating the presence and extent of coronary artery disease have traditionally included such as exercise duration, blood pressure and ST-segment response to exercise. The three –minute systolic blood pressure ratio is another important indicator of presence and significance of coronary artery disease is useful and obtainable measure that can be applied in all patients who are undergoing stress testing for evaluation of suspected is

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Publication Date
Wed Jan 01 2020
Journal Name
International Conference Of Numerical Analysis And Applied Mathematics Icnaam 2019
Synthesis of nanostructure diamond-like carbon thin films by atmospheric pressure plasma jet
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In this work, diamond-like carbon (DLC) thin films were prepared from Cyclohexane. Thin films were deposited on quartz substrate by atmospheric pressure Argon plasma jet system. The plasma jet system was applying high voltage sinusoidal waves of frequency 28 kHz and potential difference of 7.5kV peak to peak across the electrodes. The effect of annealing at 400, 500 and 600 °C under vacuum for two hours on optical properties and structural properties of the DLC thin films were investigated. This effect was clarified by X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR, UV-Visible absorption, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Raman Spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction patterns for the annealing DLC thin films show two broad peaks at 2θ, 26.62° and 51.58

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Publication Date
Tue Jun 30 2020
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Market Research And Consumer Protection
Determination of some heavy Metals in tattoo Stickers in Children sweets available in local markets: Determination of some heavy Metals in tattoo Stickers in Children sweets available in local markets
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The objective of this study is to determination the content of some heavy metals (lead, cadmium, chromium) in colored tattoo stickers. twelve kinds of colored tattoo stikcers were collected from Baghdad markets, it was estimated heavy metals using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Shimadzu A5000). The results indicated the concentrations of lead in all samples (1.61_1.00 mg / kg) and chromium in the three samples (0.85_0.97 mg / kg) while other samples are free of chromium , and cadmium. These elements are the components of printing inks and dyes in tattoo stickers, and this does not conform to the health and safety conditions for the packaging of food according to the organizations of the health and safety of

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Publication Date
Mon Sep 30 2019
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering
A Comparative Study of the Influence of Different Types of Polymers on Viscosity Index and Pour Point of Iraqi Base Oils
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In this study, the effects of blending the un-branched acrylate polymer known as Poly (n-decyl acrylate), and the branched acrylate polymer known as Poly (iso-octyl acrylate), on the viscosity index (VI), and the pour point of the Iraqi base stocks 40, and 60 respectively, were investigated. Toluene was used as a carrier solvent for both polymer types. The improvement level of oils (VI, & pour point) gained by blending the oil with the acrylate derived polymers was compared with the values of (VI, and pour point) gained by blending the oil with a commercial viscosity index, and pour point improver. The commercial lubricant additive was purchased and used by Al-Daura Refineries. It consisted of an un-known olefin copolymer dissolved i

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Publication Date
Fri Jul 21 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
ESTIMATION OF THE OPTIMUM BED THICKNESS OF A FLOWTHROUGH POROUS ELECTRODE (FTPE) WORKING UNDER MASS TRANSFER CONTROL
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In this paper, a theoretical analysis of optimum bed thickness operates under mass transfer control for realizing a high efficiency and reaction conversion of an electrochemical reactor has been made based on flowthrough porous electrode (FTPE) configuration. Many models have been used to represent the optimum bed thickness by taking a look into previous works concerned and collecting all related information, data, and models. The parameters that affect the optimum bed thickness have been visualized and reviewed, and almost all of them have been examined by experimental data from different sources and based on the various models. It has been found that the increase in electrolyte flow rate, concentration, limiting current density, and sp

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Publication Date
Sun Sep 07 2014
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Lettuce Leaves as Biosorbent Material to Remove Heavy Metal Ions from Industerial Wastewater
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The current study was designed to remove Lead, Copper and Zinc from industrial wastewater using Lettuce leaves (Lactuca sativa) within three forms (fresh, dried and powdered) under some environmental factors such as pH, temperature and contact time. Current data show that Lettuce leaves are capable of removing Lead, Copper and Zinc ions at significant capacity. Furthermore, the powder of Lettuce leaves had highest capability in removing all metal ions. The highest capacity was for Lead then Copper and finally Zinc. However, some examined factors were found to have significant impacts upon bioremoval capacity of studied ions, where best biosorption capacity was found at pH 4, at temperature 50º C and contact time of 1 hour.

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Publication Date
Mon Nov 01 2021
Journal Name
Iop Conference Series: Earth And Environmental Science
A study of Irrigation Water Pollution By Some Heavy Metals in Baghdad Governorate
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Abstract<p>A study of irrigation water was conducted Baghdad city to find out extent of its pollution by some heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, CU, Cr, Zn and Fe). Water samples were collected randomly from different sources (river, well and stream). Results showed that the concentration of studied heavy metals were as follows: Lead between 0.43-11.75 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, Cadmium between 0.01-0.95 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, Nickel between 0.008-0.46 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, Cobalt between Nil - 0.185 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, Copper is between 0.326 - 1.58 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, Chromium is between Nil-0.068 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, Zinc 0.398-1.182 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, as for Iro</p> ... Show More
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Publication Date
Tue Jun 01 2021
Journal Name
Iop Conference Series: Earth And Environmental Science
Adsorption of heavy metal ions using activated carbon derived from Eichhornia (water hyacinth)
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Abstract<p>Removal of heavy metal ions such as, cadmium ion (Cd <sup>2+</sup>) and lead ion (Pb <sup>2+</sup>) from aqueous solution onto Eichhornia (water hyacinth) activated carbon (EAC) by physiochemical activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH) and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) as the activating agents were investigated. The Eichhornia activated carbon was characterized by Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques. Whereas, the effect of adsorbent dosage, contact time of pH, and metal ion concentration on the adsorption process have been investigated using the batch process t</p> ... Show More
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Publication Date
Wed Feb 01 2023
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Crops and Ecological Series of Crops Placement
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The accumulation of toxic elements in vegetables and melons grown in agriculture, Brassica rapa - turnip, Solanum lycopersicum - tomato, Citrullus lanatus - watermelon, Capsicum annuum - bell pepper, Daucus carota - carrots, Cucurbita pepo - pumpkin, Cucumis melo - melon, and also Prunus armeniaca - apricot from fruit trees were analyzed. The excess of maximum allowable concentrations in agricultural crops of the element As by 1.65-1.75, Cd - 1.6-2.3, Cr -1.2-2.35, Cu -1.6-3.3, Ni - 1.16-3.53, Pb - 1.54-3.08, Al - 1.36-3.5, Sb - 2.0-33, Se - 1.1-3.3 times was established. The maximum allowable concentration of mercury in vegetables and melons was equal to 0.02 mg/kg,

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Publication Date
Fri Nov 01 2024
Journal Name
Egyptian Journal Of Aquatic Biology And Fisheries
Heavy Metals Levels in the Al-Shamiyah River: A Lotic Ecosystem Case Study
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Monitoring lotic ecosystems is vital for addressing sustainability issues. The Al-Shamiyah River is the primary source of water for various daily activities in the Al-Shamiyah district. This study assessed the pollution levels of the river by measuring the concentration and distribution of heavy metals—specifically chromium, cadmium, manganese, copper, zinc, and lead—in both the river's water and sediments. The concentrations of heavy metals in the water ranged from 0.05 to 1.44µg/ L for copper (Cu), 1.57 to 7.25µg/ L for manganese (Mn), 0 to 1.7µg/ L for cadmium (Cd), 0.02 to 1.33µg/ L for lead (Pb), 0.08 to 2.74µg/ L for zinc (Zn), and 0.44 to 1.84µg/ L for chromium (Cr). In the particulate phase, the concentrations ranged from

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