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Dispensing of Antimicrobial Agents Without a Prescription in Iraq: A Call for Upholding the Legislations to Change Long-Standing Practices
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Background: Antimicrobial prescribing patterns have an important role in the emergence of resistance, and community pharmacists have a substantial influence on this issue. Objective: To assess community pharmacists' behaviors and attitudes toward antimicrobial dispensing, determine their proportions and categories, and examine the underlying rationales for this practice. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey of community pharmacists in Iraq was conducted from June to August 2023, using a self-administered validated questionnaire. The attitudes, practices, and motivations driving the distribution of antimicrobials without a prescription (AWP) were explored in three areas. Results: A sizable proportion (61.6%) of respondents rejected dispensing AWP at community pharmacies. Patients primarily seek antibacterials from community pharmacies owing to budget constraints, according to 82.7% of respondents, rather than for consultation and diagnostic services. The most powerful element in a pharmacist's decision to administer AWP is that patients will seek antimicrobials from another pharmacy if they are not dispensed by the pharmacist, owing to the pharmacist's experience in infection management. The study found that 50%–74% of patients who visited community pharmacies sought AWP. Antimicrobials are most commonly provided without a prescription for cold and flu and urinary tract infections (37.3% and 27.7%, respectively). Conclusions: The majority of pharmacists regularly dispense AWP. To guarantee compliance with Iraqi legislation and laws governing AWP distribution, ongoing training programs should be created to educate the public on the most effective methods.

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Publication Date
Sun Mar 01 2009
Journal Name
Al-khwarizmi Engineering Journal
A Proposed Artificial Intelligence Algorithm for Assessing of Risk Priority for Medical Equipment in Iraqi Hospital
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This paper presents a robust algorithm for the assessment of risk priority for medical equipment based on the calculation of static and dynamic risk factors and Kohnen Self Organization Maps (SOM). Four risk parameters have been calculated for 345 medical devices in two general hospitals in Baghdad. Static risk factor components (equipment function and physical risk) and dynamics risk components (maintenance requirements and risk points) have been calculated. These risk components are used as an input to the unsupervised Kohonen self organization maps. The accuracy of the network was found to be equal to 98% for the proposed system. We conclude that the proposed model gives fast and accurate assessment for risk priority and it works as p

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Publication Date
Sun Mar 07 2010
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial activity Study Via some new Schiff bases for Trimethoprim
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This search reports the synthesis of some new series of Schiff base compounds for trimetheprim derivatives which known high been known as a medicinal effectiveness. Trimetheprim was condensed with several substituted aldehydes compounds.(4-dimethyl amine benzaldehyde , propanal , salicaldehyde, 2.4 dimethoxy benzaldehyde and 4- methyl benzaldehyde) to obtain Schiff base products(1a-5a) and several substituted ketones compound (4-aminoacetophenone,4-chloroacetophenone, isobutyleketone, acetylacetone and acetophenone) to obtain Schiff base products(6b-10b) in ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid as a catalyst to yield the Schiff base. The structure of synthesized compounds has been established on the basis of their Chemical

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Publication Date
Sun Jan 01 2023
Journal Name
Chemical Engineering And Processing - Process Intensification
Optimization of a combined electrocoagulation-electro-oxidation process for the treatment of Al-Basra Majnoon Oil field wastewater: Adopting a new strategy
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Publication Date
Sun Jan 01 2023
Journal Name
Chemical Engineering And Processing - Process Intensification
Optimization of a combined electrocoagulation-electro-oxidation process for the treatment of Al-Basra Majnoon Oil field wastewater: Adopting a new strategy
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The performance of a synergistic combination of electrocoagulation (EC) and electro-oxidation (EO) for oilfield wastewater treatment has been studied. The effect of operative variables such as current density, pH, and electrolyte concentration on the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was studied and optimized based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The results showed that the current density had the highest impact on the COD removal with a contribution of 64.07% while pH, NaCl addition and other interactions affects account for only 34.67%. The optimized operating parameters were a current density of 26.77 mA/cm2 and a pH of 7.6 with no addition of NaCl which results in a COD removal efficiency of 93.43% and a specific energy c

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 25 2020
Journal Name
International Journal Of Drug Delivery Technology
Osteocalcin as a Biomarker for Estimation of Infertility for Iraqi Patients
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Objective: The evaluation of serum osteocalcin (OSN) for Iraqi infertile patients to see the effect of osteocalcin insufficiency, which may lead to a decreased level of testosterone production in males that may cause infertility. Methods: Forty two newly diagnosed infertile males age range (24–47) years and thirty two apparently healthy males as controls age range (25–58) years. Serum levels of testosterone (TEST), stimulating follicle hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PROL), osteocalcin OSN, and fasting blood sugar (FBS) were performed in both patients and controls. Estimation of serum OSN by Immulite1000 auto-analyzer, TEST, FSH, LH, PROL, and FBS by Immulite2000 auto-analyzer. Results: Infertile patients

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Publication Date
Sun Feb 28 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
the role of Green Human Resources Management Practices in strengthening the Strategic Positioning An Analytical Research on Leaders opinion in the Nongovernmental Hospitals in Erbil
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This research is seeks to state the role of Green Human Resources Management Practices and their dimensions (Green Employment and Selection, Green Performance Assessment, Green Training & Development and Green Compensation and Stimulation Systems) in strengthening the Strategic Positioning in the Nongovernmental Hospitals in Erbil city, and aims to analyze the relationship between Green Human Resources Management Practices and Strategic Positioning and to show the impact of Green Human Resources Management Practices in determining the Strategic Position.

            It is depended on a questionnaire as key tools for achieving data, as designed on

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Publication Date
Sun Mar 03 2013
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
A Comparison of the Methods for Estimation of Reliability Function for Burr-XII Distribution by Using Simulation.
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This deals with estimation of Reliability function and one shape parameter (?) of two- parameters Burr – XII , when ?(shape parameter is known) (?=0.5,1,1.5) and also the initial values of (?=1), while different sample shze n= 10, 20, 30, 50) bare used. The results depend on empirical study through simulation experiments are applied to compare the four methods of estimation, as well as computing the reliability function . The results of Mean square error indicates that Jacknif estimator is better than other three estimators , for all sample size and parameter values

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Publication Date
Tue Jun 30 2015
Journal Name
Al-kindy College Medical Journal
The prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas species in patients with chronic suppurative otitis media
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Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is the result of an initial episode of acute otitis media and is characterized by a persistent discharge from the middle ear through a tympanic perforation for at least 2 weeks duration. It is an important cause of preventable hearing loss, particularly in the developing world.Objective: To get an overview on the bacterial ear infection profile in general and to assess the antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonal infection (PS) particularly since it is usually the commonest infection to cause otitis media and the most difficult to treat due to the problem of multi drug resistance..Methods: A cross sectional study was done which included 405 patients of CSOM patients, 196 (48%) case were mal

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Publication Date
Thu Jan 30 2014
Journal Name
Al-kindy College Medical Journal
THE PREVALENCE AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF PSEUDOMONAS SPECIES IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA
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Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is the result of aninitial episode of acute otitis media and is characterized by a persistent discharge from the middle ear through a tympanic perforation for at least 2 weeks duration. It is an important cause of preventable hearing loss, particularly in the developing world.Methods. 1. To get an overview on the bacterial ear infection profile in general 2. To assess the antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonal infection (PS) particularly since it is usually the commonest infection to cause otitis media and the most difficult to treat due to the problem of multi drug resistance... A cross sectional study was done which included 405 patient of CSOM patients196 (48%) case were males ,209 (52

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Publication Date
Fri Jan 01 2021
Journal Name
Annals Of Maxillofacial Surgery
The use of screw retained hybrid arch bar for maxillomandibular fixation in the treatment of mandibular fractures: A comparative study
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Introduction: The use of screw-retained hybrid arch bars (HABs) is a relatively recent development in the treatment of mandibular fractures. The purpose of this study is to compare the clinical outcome between HAB and the conventional Erich arch bar (EAB) in the closed treatment of mandibular fractures. Materials and methods: This study included 18 patients who were treated for mandibular fractures with maxillomandibular fixation (MMF), patients were randomly assigned into a control group (n = 10) in which EAB was used and study group (n = 8) in which HAB was used. The outcome variables were time required for application and removal, gingival inflammation scores, postoperative complications, and incidence of wire-stick injury or gloves perf

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