Four different spectrophotometric methods are used in this study for the determination of Sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide drugs in pharmaceutical compounds, synthetic samples, and in their pure forms. The work comprises four chapters which are shown in the following: Chapter One: Includes a brief for Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-VIS) Absorption spectroscopy, antibacterial drugs and sulfonamides with some methods for their determination. The chapter lists two methods for optimization; univariate method and multivariate method. The later includes different types, two of these were mentioned; simplex method and design of experiment method. Chapter Two: Includes reaction of the two studied drugs with sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid for diazotization reaction followed by coupling with diphenylamine in acidic medium to form, a blue colored azo dye compound which exhibits maximum absorption (λmax) at 530 nm for sulfamethoxazole complex and 531 nm for sulfanilamide complex against the reagent blank and the concentration of these drugs were determined spectrophotometrically. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters were evaluated. In addition to classical univariate optimization, modified simplex method has been applied in optimization of the variables affecting the color producing reaction. The results show better optical characteristics for calibration curves and statistical data were obtained under optimum conditions obtained by multi simplex optimization, in comparison with those obtained via univariate method for two studied drugs. Beer’s law obeyed in the concentration range of 0.5-12.0 μg.mL-1, 0.5-7.0 μg.mL-1 for sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide respectively with molar absorptivity of 4.9617×104 L.mol-1.cm-1 for sulfamethoxazole and 5.9185×104 L.mol-1.cm-1 for sulfanilamide. The detection limits were 0.036 μg.mL-1 and 0.016 µg.mL-1 for the two complexes respectively by simplex method. No interferences from the studied excipients on the determination of these drugs were found therefore, the proposed methods were applied successfully II for the determination of the sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide in pharmaceutical compound and in synthetic samples. Chapter Three: Is based on the formation of condensation complexes of each drug with sodium 1,2-naphthoquinon-4-sulfonate as a chromogenic reagent. The absorbance values, for the formed complexes were measured at 460 nm for sulfamethoxazole and 455 nm for sulfanilamide; against reagent blank. Different variables affecting the completion of reaction have been carefully optimized following the classical univariate sequence and design of experiment (DOE) method and the results were obtained under optimum conditions by (DOE) optimization which shows better optical characteristics for calibration curves and statistical data in comparison with those obtained via univariate method for two studied drugs. The calibration graphs are linear in the ranges of (5.0-50.0) µg.mL-1 for sulfamethoxazole and (5.0-30.0) µg.mL-1 for sulfanilamide with detection limit 0.359 µg.mL-1for sulfamethoxazole complex and 0.536 µg.mL-1 for sulfanilamide complex. The molar absorptivity was found to be (7.0918×104 L.mol-1.cm-1) for sulfamethoxazole and (7.0774×104 L.mol-1.cm-1) for sulfanilamide by the design of experiment (DOE) method. Finally no interferences from the studied excipients on the determination of these drugs were found. The proposed methods have been successfully applied for the determination of sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide in their pharmaceutical preparation and synthetic samples. Chapter Four: Includes two parts; Derivative spectrophotometry and partial least-squares (PLS). Derivative spectrophotometry is based on the first and second derivative spectra of absorption which has been applied for simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide in their mixture in the ultraviolet region. The method offers an advantage of getting rid of the resulting error in the values of absorption because of the presence of each drug with the presence of interferences from the excipients. It was found that the method is able to accurately estimate sulfamethoxazole in the range of (2.0-50.0) μg.mL-1; in mixtures containing III (2.0-30.0) μg.mL-1 of sulfanilamide, as (interferent). The results obtained, with the first derivative measurements, indicate that when the concentration of sulfanilamide is kept constant and the concentration of sulfamethoxazole varied, the peak amplitudes are measured at peak-to-baseline (223, 254,287 nm), peak to peak height between (223- 254 nm), (254-287nm). Moreover, the height at the zero cross of sulfanilamide at (235.62, 258.72 nm), heightto-height of the two zero crosses between (235.62-258.72 nm) and area under peak between (241.95-267.04 nm), (267.04-330 nm) were found to be in proportion to the sulfamethoxazole concentration therefore they are used for the determination of it. The careful inspection of the second derivative spectra obtained for the mentioned mixtures of sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide shows that peak to basline is at (239.5, 263.5, 267.75, 301, 215 nm) , height to basline is at zero cross is at (245.86, 271.28 nm) , peak to peak is between (239.5-264.25 nm), (239.5-267.75 nm), (271.28-301 nm), (215-239.5 nm), height to height is at two zero cross (245.86-271.28 nm) in addition to peak area at the interval between (254.12-281 nm), (286.95- 329.5 nm), (221.75-254.12 nm) measurements at specified wavelength could be used to quantify the exact concentration of sulfamethoxazole in presence of sulfanilamide. Sulfanilamide was determined for the range of (2.0-50.0) μg.mL-1; in a mixture containing (2.0-50.0) μg.mL-1 of sulfamethoxazole as (interferent). The procedure gave good results over the studied range of concentration depending on peak-to-baseline at (224, 246, 271 nm), height at zero cross at (241.95, 267.04 nm), peak to peak between (224-246 nm), (246-271 nm), height to height at two zero cross (241.95-271 nm) and area under the peak at (235.62-258.72 nm) measurements were found to be used for the determination of sulfanilamide in the first derivative technique. On other situation, the wavelengths are at 218 nm, 231 nm, 260 nm and 278 nm (peak to base line measurements), and height at two zero cross at 254 nm and 281 nm, and peak to peak measurements between (218-231 nm), (231-260 nm) and (260-278 nm), and height at zero cross at (254, 281 nm), wavelengths at (210-224 nm) , (224-245.84 nm) and (271.28-330 nm) peak area at the interval measurements were used for the estimation of sulfanilamide on second derivative.
Sb-dopedAgInSe2 (AIS: 3%Sb)thin films were synthesized by thermal evaporation with a vacuum of 7*10-6torr on glass with (400+20) nm thickness. X-ray diffraction was used to show that Sb atoms were successfully incorporated into the AgInSe2 lattice. Then the thin films are annealed in air at 573 K. XRD shows that thin films AIS pure, AIS: 3%Sb and annealing at 573 K are polycrystalline with tetragonal structure with preferential orientation (112).raise the crystallinity degree. The Absorption spectra revealed that the average Absorption was more than 60% at the wavelength range of 400–700 nm. UV/Visible measure shows the lowering in energy gap to 1.4 eV forAIS: 3%Sb at 573 Kt his energy gap making these samples suitable for p
... Show More
(2)
This work deals with the production of light fuel cuts of (gasoline, kerosene and gas oil) by catalytic cracking treatment of secondary product mater (heavy vacuum gas oil) which was produced from the vacuum distillation unit in any petroleum refinery. The objective of this research was to study the effect of the catalyst -to- oil ratio parameter on catalytic cracking process of heavy vacuum gas oil feed at constant temperature (450 °C). The first step of this treatment was, catalytic cracking of this material by constructed batch reactor occupied with auxiliary control devices, at selective range of the catalyst –to- oil ratio parameter ( 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5) respectively. The conversion of heavy vacuum gas
... Show More
The effect of ethanol and methanol solvent, and their mixture has been studied on the absorption and fluorescence spectra of laser dye Rhodamine B at concentration of (10-4) Molar at room temperature. The molar absorption coefficient has been determined for mixture which was (3.223) at wave number (18181.8 cm-1), Also the Quantum Efficiency of the two solvents (ethanol and methanol) and their mixture have been calculated ,which was for mixture spectrum (38.94%) and it was larger comparing with other and solvents. The characteristics of spectrum has been determined by calculating (??) of absorption spectrum for the solvents and its mixture at maximum wave number ( ) cm-1 depending on solvent polarity and the transitions between molecular ene
... Show More
(1)
The electronic characteristics, including the density of state and bond length, in addition to the spectroscopic properties such as IR spectrum and Raman scattering, as a function of the frequency of Sn10O16, C24O6, and hybrid junction (Sn10O16/C24O6) were studied. The methodology uses DFT for all electron levels with the hybrid function B3-LYP (Becke level, 3-parameters, Lee–Yang-Parr), with 6-311G (p,d) basis set, and Stuttgart/Dresden (SDD) basis set, using Gaussian 09 theoretical calculations. The geometrical structures were calculated by Gaussian view 05 as a supplementary program. The band gap was calculated and compared to the measured valu
... Show More
Carrageenan extract is a compound of sulfated polyglycan that is taken out from red seaweeds. Being hydrocolloid in nature, carrageenan has gelling, emulsifying and thickening properties allowing it to be commonly used in the oral healthcare products and cosmetics. Due to its bioactive compounds, carrageenan has been shown to have antimicrobial, antiviral, and antitumor properties. The purpose of this work is to study the probable use of carrageenan on the diseases that are related to oral cavity and on the genomic DNA in in vitro experimental model
In this study, the effects of k-carrageenan on four different cell lines related to the cancer and normal cells which cultured on selective media were done. Moreover, the eff
... Show More
(2)
(1)
Background: Stress urinary incontinence is a frequent urological disease in women; it has a great influence on an individual’s wellbeing and places a significant economic strain on any health service. The placement of urodynamic diagnostic tests in the evaluation route is an important clinical research concern in this field.
Objective: to find out whether the duration of stress urinary incontinence is associated with the finding of bladder outlet obstruction in urodynamic study or not.
Subjects and Methods: A descriptive study. With enrolled female patients had symptomatic Stress urinary incontinence as their primary complain. All the included patients w
... Show More
In this study a DFT calculation on cyclopropanone, cyclopropandione and cyclopropantrione molecules was performed using the basis function 6-31G ** / MP2 and exchange correlation potential B3-LYP. The results showed that the ground state of all molecules geometry belong to the point group ð¶2ð‘£where a vibronic coupling between the vibrational motion with the electronic ground state in the molecule C3O3 this leads to a reduction in symmetry of the molecule fromð·3â„Žto ð¶2ð‘£, the driving force of this process is accessing to the electronic configuration complies with Hückel aromatic systems with two electrons. Also in this, study the normal modes of vibration, frequencies, intensities and symm
... Show More
the researchers Sought to determine the impact of the customer contact (Within a client contact there are two times, first is the total time required to create a service and within it there is contact time while the second time is the time of client contact ؛ where means a time that records the physical presence of the customer during the process of service) on operations performance by concentrate attention on the cost (labor productivity) and quality (patient ratio to the doctor) and speed (cycle time) and flexibility (the flexibility range) , as well as ruling out variable of innovation because of impossibility to measure this variable in the Specialty Center for Dental in al-alwia due to the center is lacking of mechanisms t
... Show More
The current study, which extended from February 2020 to June 2021 at the University of Thi- Qar\ College of Education for Pure Sciences, aimed to follow the changes in external morphological features at different Embryonic Developmental stages in pregnant mice treated with different doses of Rapamycin (Rapa). Use In this study, 32 pregnant mice were divided randomly into four groups, each of which had eight pregnant mice. Each group received different dose of Rapa via intraperitoneally injection at different gestation days until the end of the specified periods, whereas the control group received a DMSO. Mice were administered under the same circumstances and dosages were determined based on body weight, as specified in pharmaceutical const
... Show MoreIn the present study, serum GOT(Glutamic Oxalacetic Transaminase) was purified, the purified enzyme showed the maximum activity at 37ºC and pH 7.5. During purification of serum GOT ion exchange chromatography lead to four separate forms (termed I, II, III and IV). GOT II with the highest specific activity was pure after chromatography on Sephacryl S300. . S.GOT levels were investigated in serum samples from patient with pulmonary tuberculosis .The S.GOT levels were determined at and 37ć .The study revealed that the serum GOT activity was higher in patient of tuberculous pulmonary than in control subjects.The mean serum GOT activity in the patients group was(90±8 IU/L) as compared to control group (27±0.65I
... Show More