Four different spectrophotometric methods are used in this study for the determination of Sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide drugs in pharmaceutical compounds, synthetic samples, and in their pure forms. The work comprises four chapters which are shown in the following: Chapter One: Includes a brief for Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-VIS) Absorption spectroscopy, antibacterial drugs and sulfonamides with some methods for their determination. The chapter lists two methods for optimization; univariate method and multivariate method. The later includes different types, two of these were mentioned; simplex method and design of experiment method. Chapter Two: Includes reaction of the two studied drugs with sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid for diazotization reaction followed by coupling with diphenylamine in acidic medium to form, a blue colored azo dye compound which exhibits maximum absorption (λmax) at 530 nm for sulfamethoxazole complex and 531 nm for sulfanilamide complex against the reagent blank and the concentration of these drugs were determined spectrophotometrically. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters were evaluated. In addition to classical univariate optimization, modified simplex method has been applied in optimization of the variables affecting the color producing reaction. The results show better optical characteristics for calibration curves and statistical data were obtained under optimum conditions obtained by multi simplex optimization, in comparison with those obtained via univariate method for two studied drugs. Beer’s law obeyed in the concentration range of 0.5-12.0 μg.mL-1, 0.5-7.0 μg.mL-1 for sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide respectively with molar absorptivity of 4.9617×104 L.mol-1.cm-1 for sulfamethoxazole and 5.9185×104 L.mol-1.cm-1 for sulfanilamide. The detection limits were 0.036 μg.mL-1 and 0.016 µg.mL-1 for the two complexes respectively by simplex method. No interferences from the studied excipients on the determination of these drugs were found therefore, the proposed methods were applied successfully II for the determination of the sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide in pharmaceutical compound and in synthetic samples. Chapter Three: Is based on the formation of condensation complexes of each drug with sodium 1,2-naphthoquinon-4-sulfonate as a chromogenic reagent. The absorbance values, for the formed complexes were measured at 460 nm for sulfamethoxazole and 455 nm for sulfanilamide; against reagent blank. Different variables affecting the completion of reaction have been carefully optimized following the classical univariate sequence and design of experiment (DOE) method and the results were obtained under optimum conditions by (DOE) optimization which shows better optical characteristics for calibration curves and statistical data in comparison with those obtained via univariate method for two studied drugs. The calibration graphs are linear in the ranges of (5.0-50.0) µg.mL-1 for sulfamethoxazole and (5.0-30.0) µg.mL-1 for sulfanilamide with detection limit 0.359 µg.mL-1for sulfamethoxazole complex and 0.536 µg.mL-1 for sulfanilamide complex. The molar absorptivity was found to be (7.0918×104 L.mol-1.cm-1) for sulfamethoxazole and (7.0774×104 L.mol-1.cm-1) for sulfanilamide by the design of experiment (DOE) method. Finally no interferences from the studied excipients on the determination of these drugs were found. The proposed methods have been successfully applied for the determination of sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide in their pharmaceutical preparation and synthetic samples. Chapter Four: Includes two parts; Derivative spectrophotometry and partial least-squares (PLS). Derivative spectrophotometry is based on the first and second derivative spectra of absorption which has been applied for simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide in their mixture in the ultraviolet region. The method offers an advantage of getting rid of the resulting error in the values of absorption because of the presence of each drug with the presence of interferences from the excipients. It was found that the method is able to accurately estimate sulfamethoxazole in the range of (2.0-50.0) μg.mL-1; in mixtures containing III (2.0-30.0) μg.mL-1 of sulfanilamide, as (interferent). The results obtained, with the first derivative measurements, indicate that when the concentration of sulfanilamide is kept constant and the concentration of sulfamethoxazole varied, the peak amplitudes are measured at peak-to-baseline (223, 254,287 nm), peak to peak height between (223- 254 nm), (254-287nm). Moreover, the height at the zero cross of sulfanilamide at (235.62, 258.72 nm), heightto-height of the two zero crosses between (235.62-258.72 nm) and area under peak between (241.95-267.04 nm), (267.04-330 nm) were found to be in proportion to the sulfamethoxazole concentration therefore they are used for the determination of it. The careful inspection of the second derivative spectra obtained for the mentioned mixtures of sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide shows that peak to basline is at (239.5, 263.5, 267.75, 301, 215 nm) , height to basline is at zero cross is at (245.86, 271.28 nm) , peak to peak is between (239.5-264.25 nm), (239.5-267.75 nm), (271.28-301 nm), (215-239.5 nm), height to height is at two zero cross (245.86-271.28 nm) in addition to peak area at the interval between (254.12-281 nm), (286.95- 329.5 nm), (221.75-254.12 nm) measurements at specified wavelength could be used to quantify the exact concentration of sulfamethoxazole in presence of sulfanilamide. Sulfanilamide was determined for the range of (2.0-50.0) μg.mL-1; in a mixture containing (2.0-50.0) μg.mL-1 of sulfamethoxazole as (interferent). The procedure gave good results over the studied range of concentration depending on peak-to-baseline at (224, 246, 271 nm), height at zero cross at (241.95, 267.04 nm), peak to peak between (224-246 nm), (246-271 nm), height to height at two zero cross (241.95-271 nm) and area under the peak at (235.62-258.72 nm) measurements were found to be used for the determination of sulfanilamide in the first derivative technique. On other situation, the wavelengths are at 218 nm, 231 nm, 260 nm and 278 nm (peak to base line measurements), and height at two zero cross at 254 nm and 281 nm, and peak to peak measurements between (218-231 nm), (231-260 nm) and (260-278 nm), and height at zero cross at (254, 281 nm), wavelengths at (210-224 nm) , (224-245.84 nm) and (271.28-330 nm) peak area at the interval measurements were used for the estimation of sulfanilamide on second derivative.
The present analysis targets to recognize the influence of the separate teaching approach on the accomplishment of grammar for scholars of the College of Islamic Sciences. The target of attaining this target led the investigations developing the subsequent null theories: 1. No statistically substantial variance is happened at the consequence level of 0.05 between the mean scores of the scholars in the investigational category who learnt consistent with the separate learning approach and the mean scores of the scholars in the control category who learnt in the conventional method in the accomplishment test. 2. No statistically substantial variance has been observed at the consequence level of 0.05 in the mean differences between the
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Objectives: the study aims to assess nurses' practices toward chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) for children at the hematology center, and to determine the effectiveness of the health education program on nurses' practices toward CIPN, and to find out the relationships between the effectiveness of Health education program and demographic characteristics of nurses.
Methodology: Use quasi-experimental design in the study (a design that divides the sample into two groups, a study group and a control group, with data collection in three stages). This study was conducted at a hematology center in Baghdad city for the period (from December 16th, 2019 to 8th May 202
... Show MoreThe tax policy is an important tool of fiscal policy tools which is usedasits multiple tools the State seeks to achieve objectives, such as theachievement of economic development.The importance of the research comes from the importance ofeconomic development resulting from economic policies and prudent fiscaland appropriate to the economic situation of Iraq at the moment is the mostimportant tax policy that taxes one of the most important financial instruments.The research aims to clarify the role of tax policy in developing of theIraqi economy.In an effort to achieve the goals researchers tried to prove thehypothesis ((The tax policy and through multiple tools that seeks to contributeto the achievement of economic development in Iraq)).
... Show MoreThe study aims to design an electronic puppet educational theater by Camtasia studio and identify the effectiveness in learning some of the artistic gymnastics skills for first grade, the research curriculum is experimental by designing two equal groups, and the research sample first grade students are distributed among 4 grade, and by the pumpkin determines two divisions (15 from each) representing the experimental group and control group, the main experiment conducted for 8 weeks by two educational units per week after which the post-tests were conducted, SPSS was used to process the results, and it was found that the electronic puppet educational theater contributed by making the learning process enjoyable and interesting and meeting the
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Central banks seek to control and supervise credit and follow it up effectively due to the high credit risks surrounding it that may lead to damage to banks, and may even lead to damage to the reputation and confidence of the banking system as a whole.
The main role of supervisory control is to control credit by controlling it from excessive expansion during periods of economic inflation or its revitalization and improvement and expansion of credit transactions in cases of economic recession, or when central banks desire to support the national economy or support a sector of various
... Show MoreStarting with a problem of the weakness of accounting disclosure in some companies administration when preparing and presenting the financial reports which are submitted to the Tax authority. This problem impacts on Tax authority performance (The effect on the quality of the performance of the tax authority), because of the lack of conviction for the information contained in those reports, and the failure to achieve accurate results in tax authority performance that leads to a negative impact on determining taxable income and affect tax revenue, as well as negative impact on determining taxable income and affect tax revenue, as well as negati
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Abstract The purpose of this study, teach the art of performing Olympic lifts (snatch and, clean and jerk) using the two methods are instructional (self-learning associated with the model) and (reverse style of partial way). Identify the effectiveness of these methods in learning the art of performance and style of the best Olympic lifting in the learning and retention of novice for Olympic lifts. The research sample consisted of 16 lifters were selected purposively representing specialist center for the care of athletic talent to weightlifting for ages 14 years. The sample was divided into two experimental, Each group (8) eight weightlifters. The experimental group used the style of the first self-learning associated with the m
... Show MorePurpose: To identify the size of the food gap for the main agricultural products and crops in Iraq, which reflects to us the extent to which agricultural production in particular and the agricultural sector in general have declined.Theoretical framework: The theoretical side of the research dealt with the definition of self-sufficiency and the food gap, as well as identifying the reality of agricultural production in Iraq during the study period, as well as the reality of the food gap for the most important agricultural, plant and animal products.Design/methodology/approach: In reviewing the research problem, the researcher adopted the method of deductive and descriptive analysis based on the presentation and detail of official data
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The aim of this article is to solve the Volterra-Fredholm integro-differential equations of fractional order numerically by using the shifted Jacobi polynomial collocation method. The Jacobi polynomial and collocation method properties are presented. This technique is used to convert the problem into the solution of linear algebraic equations. The fractional derivatives are considered in the Caputo sense. Numerical examples are given to show the accuracy and reliability of the proposed technique.
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The mass collision energy loss (dE/dX), the mass radiative energy loss (Srad/) and the total mass stopping power of electrons in the energy range of 0.01 MeV up to 1000 MeV has been calculated for Lung, Urea and Skin. The results of the present work for the mass collision stopping power of electrons in Lung, Urea and Skin are in excellent agreement with the standard results given by ESTAR program, where the maximum percentage error between the present calculated values and that of ESTAR program in Lung tissue, Urea and Skin tissue is 0.27%, 0.3% and 0.8% respectively. The mass radiative energy loss of electrons in the same energy range is also calculated using a modified equation, and the results are found to be in very good agreem
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