Four different spectrophotometric methods are used in this study for the determination of Sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide drugs in pharmaceutical compounds, synthetic samples, and in their pure forms. The work comprises four chapters which are shown in the following: Chapter One: Includes a brief for Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-VIS) Absorption spectroscopy, antibacterial drugs and sulfonamides with some methods for their determination. The chapter lists two methods for optimization; univariate method and multivariate method. The later includes different types, two of these were mentioned; simplex method and design of experiment method. Chapter Two: Includes reaction of the two studied drugs with sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid for diazotization reaction followed by coupling with diphenylamine in acidic medium to form, a blue colored azo dye compound which exhibits maximum absorption (λmax) at 530 nm for sulfamethoxazole complex and 531 nm for sulfanilamide complex against the reagent blank and the concentration of these drugs were determined spectrophotometrically. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters were evaluated. In addition to classical univariate optimization, modified simplex method has been applied in optimization of the variables affecting the color producing reaction. The results show better optical characteristics for calibration curves and statistical data were obtained under optimum conditions obtained by multi simplex optimization, in comparison with those obtained via univariate method for two studied drugs. Beer’s law obeyed in the concentration range of 0.5-12.0 μg.mL-1, 0.5-7.0 μg.mL-1 for sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide respectively with molar absorptivity of 4.9617×104 L.mol-1.cm-1 for sulfamethoxazole and 5.9185×104 L.mol-1.cm-1 for sulfanilamide. The detection limits were 0.036 μg.mL-1 and 0.016 µg.mL-1 for the two complexes respectively by simplex method. No interferences from the studied excipients on the determination of these drugs were found therefore, the proposed methods were applied successfully II for the determination of the sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide in pharmaceutical compound and in synthetic samples. Chapter Three: Is based on the formation of condensation complexes of each drug with sodium 1,2-naphthoquinon-4-sulfonate as a chromogenic reagent. The absorbance values, for the formed complexes were measured at 460 nm for sulfamethoxazole and 455 nm for sulfanilamide; against reagent blank. Different variables affecting the completion of reaction have been carefully optimized following the classical univariate sequence and design of experiment (DOE) method and the results were obtained under optimum conditions by (DOE) optimization which shows better optical characteristics for calibration curves and statistical data in comparison with those obtained via univariate method for two studied drugs. The calibration graphs are linear in the ranges of (5.0-50.0) µg.mL-1 for sulfamethoxazole and (5.0-30.0) µg.mL-1 for sulfanilamide with detection limit 0.359 µg.mL-1for sulfamethoxazole complex and 0.536 µg.mL-1 for sulfanilamide complex. The molar absorptivity was found to be (7.0918×104 L.mol-1.cm-1) for sulfamethoxazole and (7.0774×104 L.mol-1.cm-1) for sulfanilamide by the design of experiment (DOE) method. Finally no interferences from the studied excipients on the determination of these drugs were found. The proposed methods have been successfully applied for the determination of sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide in their pharmaceutical preparation and synthetic samples. Chapter Four: Includes two parts; Derivative spectrophotometry and partial least-squares (PLS). Derivative spectrophotometry is based on the first and second derivative spectra of absorption which has been applied for simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide in their mixture in the ultraviolet region. The method offers an advantage of getting rid of the resulting error in the values of absorption because of the presence of each drug with the presence of interferences from the excipients. It was found that the method is able to accurately estimate sulfamethoxazole in the range of (2.0-50.0) μg.mL-1; in mixtures containing III (2.0-30.0) μg.mL-1 of sulfanilamide, as (interferent). The results obtained, with the first derivative measurements, indicate that when the concentration of sulfanilamide is kept constant and the concentration of sulfamethoxazole varied, the peak amplitudes are measured at peak-to-baseline (223, 254,287 nm), peak to peak height between (223- 254 nm), (254-287nm). Moreover, the height at the zero cross of sulfanilamide at (235.62, 258.72 nm), heightto-height of the two zero crosses between (235.62-258.72 nm) and area under peak between (241.95-267.04 nm), (267.04-330 nm) were found to be in proportion to the sulfamethoxazole concentration therefore they are used for the determination of it. The careful inspection of the second derivative spectra obtained for the mentioned mixtures of sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide shows that peak to basline is at (239.5, 263.5, 267.75, 301, 215 nm) , height to basline is at zero cross is at (245.86, 271.28 nm) , peak to peak is between (239.5-264.25 nm), (239.5-267.75 nm), (271.28-301 nm), (215-239.5 nm), height to height is at two zero cross (245.86-271.28 nm) in addition to peak area at the interval between (254.12-281 nm), (286.95- 329.5 nm), (221.75-254.12 nm) measurements at specified wavelength could be used to quantify the exact concentration of sulfamethoxazole in presence of sulfanilamide. Sulfanilamide was determined for the range of (2.0-50.0) μg.mL-1; in a mixture containing (2.0-50.0) μg.mL-1 of sulfamethoxazole as (interferent). The procedure gave good results over the studied range of concentration depending on peak-to-baseline at (224, 246, 271 nm), height at zero cross at (241.95, 267.04 nm), peak to peak between (224-246 nm), (246-271 nm), height to height at two zero cross (241.95-271 nm) and area under the peak at (235.62-258.72 nm) measurements were found to be used for the determination of sulfanilamide in the first derivative technique. On other situation, the wavelengths are at 218 nm, 231 nm, 260 nm and 278 nm (peak to base line measurements), and height at two zero cross at 254 nm and 281 nm, and peak to peak measurements between (218-231 nm), (231-260 nm) and (260-278 nm), and height at zero cross at (254, 281 nm), wavelengths at (210-224 nm) , (224-245.84 nm) and (271.28-330 nm) peak area at the interval measurements were used for the estimation of sulfanilamide on second derivative.
Digital forensics has become a fundamental requirement for law enforcement due to the growing volume of cyber and computer-assisted crime. Whilst existing commercial tools have traditionally focused upon string-based analyses (e.g., regular expressions, keywords), less effort has been placed towards the development of multimedia-based analyses. Within the research community, more focus has been attributed to the analysis of multimedia content; they tend to focus upon highly specialised specific scenarios such as tattoo identification, number plate recognition, suspect face recognition and manual annotation of images. Given the ever-increasing volume of multimedia content, it is essential that a holistic Multimedia-Forensic Analysis Tool (M-
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One of the most important human diseases that need to be considered in terms of development of the medical engineering devices is cardiovascular disease which is a significant cause of death globally recently. Valvular heart disease is normally treated by restoring or altering heart valves with an artificial one. But the new prosthetic valve designs necessitate testing for durability estimate and failure method. It is significant to simulate the circulation system by the building of a pulse duplicator system. This study is stated by clarifying the parameter and implementation steps of the pulse duplicator system in which the different researchers have utilized the system and tried to explain the design steps of using this system wit
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This study attempts to provide an approach analysis for the news, depending on the bases and principles which conceptuality semiotic researchers of this field first of them «A. J. Gremas» for the theory of «narrative discourse analysis», to more clarify we tried to apply it on a published press- news, to concludes the most important steps and methods that are necessary to follows gain more understanding of the press- news.
It is easy to talk about democracy, but it is difficult to practice. We talk about postmodernism, but difficult to be embodied in the ground. Yet, the age of democracy and modernity at the same time prompted the researcher to try to find a media concept for it. It does not mean that this concept has not yet formed. But the rooting of democracy and the approaching of states and groups towards it, made it necessary to by studied again.
The relationship between democracy and the media has made them look like one concept. The existence of one is linked to the existence of the other. The reality is only a linguistic formulation, but the social and cultural aspect is related to democracy origin
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Crime is considered as an unlawful activity of all kinds and it is punished by law. Crimes have an impact on a society's quality of life and economic development. With a large rise in crime globally, there is a necessity to analyze crime data to bring down the rate of crime. This encourages the police and people to occupy the required measures and more effectively restricting the crimes. The purpose of this research is to develop predictive models that can aid in crime pattern analysis and thus support the Boston department's crime prevention efforts. The geographical location factor has been adopted in our model, and this is due to its being an influential factor in several situations, whether it is traveling to a specific area or livin
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Hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver, has a number of infectious and non-infectious causes. Two of the viruses that cause hepatitis (hepatitis A and E) can be transmitted through water and food; hygiene is therefore important in their control. First, to assess the importance of HAV and HEV as a possible diagnosis for clinically diagnosed patients with acute viral hepatitis. Second, to assess the prevalence of hepatitis A and E in all provinces of Iraq and study its association with age, gender. This study consisted of two groups: The first group consisted of 2975 patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis. The second group consisted of a total of 9610 persons, which were recruited by surveying a nationally representative
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Abstract
The research aims at the relationship between Servant leadership dimensions test as an independent variable and an organizational trust as a variable dependent. Thus it was necessary to answer the following question: Is there a correlation relationship and impact between Servant leadership dimensions and organizational trust? To investigate the contents of the answer, the researcher selected a group of employees in Oil Products Distribution Company / Baghdad. The researcher adopted the analytical descriptive approach in completing his research which dealt with a random sample of (190) individuals representing the research society out of the total number of (376) person from the middle and high Leaders. Depending
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The research aims to formulate a model for research on the dimensions of the Leader-member exchange theory according to the ideas and thoughts of Liden /Maslyn, Hammer and impact on job satisfaction and measure these dimensions at asiacell communications to identify the extent of convergence between theoretical dimensions share leader – member Exchange (LMX) with leadership style used in this company, we have been building scale contains two variables, independent variable Leader-member exchange theory five dimensions (effect , Loyalty, contribution, respect professional, and support) the certified job satisfaction variable dimensions (job security, The Style of management, organizational climate, appreciation, and work itself)
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The research focuses on the withdrawal of the United States from the nuclear agreement signed between the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and the Islamic Republic of Iran concerning its nuclear program. This withdrawal has caused disruption in the official media discourse of the concerned countries. Therefore, the main question can be posed: Are there differences in the positions of countries related to the nuclear agreement, as well as those countries affected by it, before and after the official withdrawal of the United States on May 8, 2018?
The research aims to shed light on the trends in media discourse of the countries that signed the nuclear agreement and those affected by it b
The electoral poster is the most important means and methods of the electoral campaign because of its advantages and capabilities if it is organized properly. It is an intensive propaganda message with psychological figures and semiotic connotations belonging to sub-culture. Its construction depends on a group of elements (logo, photo symbols, color and picture) and their consistency is varying from one to another. Posters must be committed the determinants of attraction, excitement, simplicity and clarity. They are working according to the following base: (fixed audience X moved recipients) and walking towards (moving X moving) due to the technical development of optical screens. These developments require double the force of the impact
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