Four different spectrophotometric methods are used in this study for the determination of Sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide drugs in pharmaceutical compounds, synthetic samples, and in their pure forms. The work comprises four chapters which are shown in the following: Chapter One: Includes a brief for Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-VIS) Absorption spectroscopy, antibacterial drugs and sulfonamides with some methods for their determination. The chapter lists two methods for optimization; univariate method and multivariate method. The later includes different types, two of these were mentioned; simplex method and design of experiment method. Chapter Two: Includes reaction of the two studied drugs with sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid for diazotization reaction followed by coupling with diphenylamine in acidic medium to form, a blue colored azo dye compound which exhibits maximum absorption (λmax) at 530 nm for sulfamethoxazole complex and 531 nm for sulfanilamide complex against the reagent blank and the concentration of these drugs were determined spectrophotometrically. The optimum reaction conditions and other analytical parameters were evaluated. In addition to classical univariate optimization, modified simplex method has been applied in optimization of the variables affecting the color producing reaction. The results show better optical characteristics for calibration curves and statistical data were obtained under optimum conditions obtained by multi simplex optimization, in comparison with those obtained via univariate method for two studied drugs. Beer’s law obeyed in the concentration range of 0.5-12.0 μg.mL-1, 0.5-7.0 μg.mL-1 for sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide respectively with molar absorptivity of 4.9617×104 L.mol-1.cm-1 for sulfamethoxazole and 5.9185×104 L.mol-1.cm-1 for sulfanilamide. The detection limits were 0.036 μg.mL-1 and 0.016 µg.mL-1 for the two complexes respectively by simplex method. No interferences from the studied excipients on the determination of these drugs were found therefore, the proposed methods were applied successfully II for the determination of the sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide in pharmaceutical compound and in synthetic samples. Chapter Three: Is based on the formation of condensation complexes of each drug with sodium 1,2-naphthoquinon-4-sulfonate as a chromogenic reagent. The absorbance values, for the formed complexes were measured at 460 nm for sulfamethoxazole and 455 nm for sulfanilamide; against reagent blank. Different variables affecting the completion of reaction have been carefully optimized following the classical univariate sequence and design of experiment (DOE) method and the results were obtained under optimum conditions by (DOE) optimization which shows better optical characteristics for calibration curves and statistical data in comparison with those obtained via univariate method for two studied drugs. The calibration graphs are linear in the ranges of (5.0-50.0) µg.mL-1 for sulfamethoxazole and (5.0-30.0) µg.mL-1 for sulfanilamide with detection limit 0.359 µg.mL-1for sulfamethoxazole complex and 0.536 µg.mL-1 for sulfanilamide complex. The molar absorptivity was found to be (7.0918×104 L.mol-1.cm-1) for sulfamethoxazole and (7.0774×104 L.mol-1.cm-1) for sulfanilamide by the design of experiment (DOE) method. Finally no interferences from the studied excipients on the determination of these drugs were found. The proposed methods have been successfully applied for the determination of sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide in their pharmaceutical preparation and synthetic samples. Chapter Four: Includes two parts; Derivative spectrophotometry and partial least-squares (PLS). Derivative spectrophotometry is based on the first and second derivative spectra of absorption which has been applied for simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide in their mixture in the ultraviolet region. The method offers an advantage of getting rid of the resulting error in the values of absorption because of the presence of each drug with the presence of interferences from the excipients. It was found that the method is able to accurately estimate sulfamethoxazole in the range of (2.0-50.0) μg.mL-1; in mixtures containing III (2.0-30.0) μg.mL-1 of sulfanilamide, as (interferent). The results obtained, with the first derivative measurements, indicate that when the concentration of sulfanilamide is kept constant and the concentration of sulfamethoxazole varied, the peak amplitudes are measured at peak-to-baseline (223, 254,287 nm), peak to peak height between (223- 254 nm), (254-287nm). Moreover, the height at the zero cross of sulfanilamide at (235.62, 258.72 nm), heightto-height of the two zero crosses between (235.62-258.72 nm) and area under peak between (241.95-267.04 nm), (267.04-330 nm) were found to be in proportion to the sulfamethoxazole concentration therefore they are used for the determination of it. The careful inspection of the second derivative spectra obtained for the mentioned mixtures of sulfamethoxazole and sulfanilamide shows that peak to basline is at (239.5, 263.5, 267.75, 301, 215 nm) , height to basline is at zero cross is at (245.86, 271.28 nm) , peak to peak is between (239.5-264.25 nm), (239.5-267.75 nm), (271.28-301 nm), (215-239.5 nm), height to height is at two zero cross (245.86-271.28 nm) in addition to peak area at the interval between (254.12-281 nm), (286.95- 329.5 nm), (221.75-254.12 nm) measurements at specified wavelength could be used to quantify the exact concentration of sulfamethoxazole in presence of sulfanilamide. Sulfanilamide was determined for the range of (2.0-50.0) μg.mL-1; in a mixture containing (2.0-50.0) μg.mL-1 of sulfamethoxazole as (interferent). The procedure gave good results over the studied range of concentration depending on peak-to-baseline at (224, 246, 271 nm), height at zero cross at (241.95, 267.04 nm), peak to peak between (224-246 nm), (246-271 nm), height to height at two zero cross (241.95-271 nm) and area under the peak at (235.62-258.72 nm) measurements were found to be used for the determination of sulfanilamide in the first derivative technique. On other situation, the wavelengths are at 218 nm, 231 nm, 260 nm and 278 nm (peak to base line measurements), and height at two zero cross at 254 nm and 281 nm, and peak to peak measurements between (218-231 nm), (231-260 nm) and (260-278 nm), and height at zero cross at (254, 281 nm), wavelengths at (210-224 nm) , (224-245.84 nm) and (271.28-330 nm) peak area at the interval measurements were used for the estimation of sulfanilamide on second derivative.
This research study the effect of surface modification and copper (Cu) plating carbon fiber (CF) surface on the thermal stability and wettability of carbon fiber (CF)/epoxy (EP) composites. The TGA result indicates that the thermal-stability of carbon fiber may be enhanced after Cu coating CF. TGA curve showed that the treatment temperature was enhanced thermal stability of Ep/CF, this is due to the oxidation during heating. The Cu plating increased the thermal conductivity, this increase might be due to reduce in contact resistance at the interface due to chemical modification and copper plating and tunneling resistance.
The increase of surface polarity after coating cause decreas
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This research includes the using of statistical to improve the quality of can plastics which is produced at the state company for Vegetable oils (Almaamon factory ) by using the percentage defective control chart ( p-chart ) of a fixed sample. A sample of size (450) cans daily for (30) days was selected to determine the rejected product . Operations research with a (win QSB ) package for ( p-chart ) was used to determine test quality level required for product specification to justify that the process that is statistically controlled.
The results show high degree of accuracy by using the program and the mathematical operations (primary and secondary ) which used to draw the control limits charts and to reject the statistically uncontr
Abstract
In this research will be treated with a healthy phenomenon has a significant impact on different age groups in the community, but a phenomenon tonsillitis where they will be first Tawfiq model slope self moving averages seasonal ARMA Seasonal through systematic Xbox Cengnzla counter with rheumatoid tonsils in the city of Mosul, and for the period 2004-2009 with prediction of these numbers coming twelve months, has found that the specimen is the best representation of the data model is the phenomenon SARMA (1,1) * (2,1) 12 from the other side and explanatory variables using a maximum temperature and minimum temperature, sol
Objective: The aim of the study to evaluate the nursing care management for diabetes mellitus patient
with total hip replacement after fractured hip.
Methodology: A field study carried out on patients with diabetes mellitus and have total hip
replacement after fractured hip in orthopedic ward at the hospital of surgical specialization (malefemale)during
January 2002 to January 2003.Physical and psychological nursing
assessment
immediately after the surgery was done for the both subjects (control and experimental) and then a
scientific management with daily nursing care were provided to the experimental subject with daily
nursing care to the patient condition by using a scientific and practical methods and leave th
In this study, we made a comparison between LASSO & SCAD methods, which are two special methods for dealing with models in partial quantile regression. (Nadaraya & Watson Kernel) was used to estimate the non-parametric part ;in addition, the rule of thumb method was used to estimate the smoothing bandwidth (h). Penalty methods proved to be efficient in estimating the regression coefficients, but the SCAD method according to the mean squared error criterion (MSE) was the best after estimating the missing data using the mean imputation method
This paper is interested in comparing the performance of the traditional methods to estimate parameter of exponential distribution (Maximum Likelihood Estimator, Uniformly Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimator) and the Bayes Estimator in the case of data to meet the requirement of exponential distribution and in the case away from the distribution due to the presence of outliers (contaminated values). Through the employment of simulation (Monte Carlo method) and the adoption of the mean square error (MSE) as criterion of statistical comparison between the performance of the three estimators for different sample sizes ranged between small, medium and large (n=5,10,25,50,100) and different cases (wit
... Show MoreVisible Light Communication (VLC) has emerged as a powerful technique for wireless communication systems. Providing high data rate and increasing capacity are the major problems in VLC. Recent evidence suggests that Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technique can offers improved data rates and increased link range. This paper describes the design and implementation of visible light communication system in indoor environment exploring the benefits of MIMO. The specific objective of this research was to implement a 4× 4 Multiple Input (LEDs) Multiple Output (photodetectors)-VLC communication system, where a 16 white power LEDs in four arrays are setting up at transmitter and four RX modules are setting up at receiver side without the nee
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The Local manufacturing scanning gamma system designed in Tuwaitha site for nondestructive assay method of radioactive waste drums, where it consist of two main parts with their belongings for controlling the of detector and drum movements up-down and rotation respectively. The volume of the used drum is 220 L with 85 cm height. The drum filled with Portland cement. Six cylindrical holes were made within cement drum and distributed in radial arrangement.The152Eu source inserted in these holes individually, to measure the average angular count rate of gamma radiation. The full energy efficiency value for geometry of drum and detector is computed for thirteen photo peaks. The average efficiency represented by the curve of these peaks indic
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Abstract
This study came to clarify the redemption in terms of being a method and a subject of knowledge that has its causes, controls, etiquette and scientific implications for Muslim scholars.
The science of redemption has a historical extension, starting from the era of the Companions - may God be pleased with them - and through the stages of codification and classification of works in an effort to document it and diversify its methods at the inductive, analytical, critical and argumentative levels, and to determine its causes and from the completion of the research conclude it with evidence of its scientific effects because it is a science that enriched the Islamic library in general, and hadith in particular.
The issue of image captioning, which comprises automatic text generation to understand an image’s visual information, has become feasible with the developments in object recognition and image classification. Deep learning has received much interest from the scientific community and can be very useful in real-world applications. The proposed image captioning approach involves the use of Convolution Neural Network (CNN) pre-trained models combined with Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) to generate image captions. The process includes two stages. The first stage entails training the CNN-LSTM models using baseline hyper-parameters and the second stage encompasses training CNN-LSTM models by optimizing and adjusting the hyper-parameters of
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