Background: Antibiotic resistance is a problem leading to difficulty in treating microbial infections thatmay occur due to many causes. For the important pharmacist role as a reference for the information and theability to access to medications, they are vital members in lowering the development of antibiotic resistance,and also they support the proper use and control of antibioticsmisuse. Our goal is comparing the knowledge,attitude, practice of undergraduate and postgraduate pharmacy students and their perceptions about thecausing factors of antibiotic resistance in Iraq.Method: A cross sectional study was conducted involving the final year bachelor and postgraduate (masterand Philosophical doctor) students from different private and public pharmacy universities in Iraq. Anadjusted questionnaire was administrated to 233 students electronically and the results obtained wereanalyzed by using SPSS 20 for Windows Descriptive. A significant difference was found in the knowledgeof antibiotic between undergraduate and postgraduate(Master and Philosophical doctor) students (Meanknowledge score5.32 versus 5.92 respectively, p<0.001).Attitude data also showed a higher positive attitudeof postgraduate students according to antibiotic use and resistance when compared to undergraduatestudents (Mean attitude score: 2.97 versus 2.92 respectively, p<0.05). Significant difference was observed inpractices of the comparative students groups regarding to the frequency of self- medication, reason, sourcesof antibiotic use and in terms of disease condition where they used(p<0.05) . Continuous mutation and genechanges of micro-organism taken the higher percentages answere d yes for the undergraduate students whilethe limited restrictions on antibiotic usage taken the higher percentages answere d yes for the postgraduatestudents (89.1% and 98.5%respectively).Conclusion: We can conclude from data of our study that there is a significant difference in the knowledge,attitude, practice of antibiotic use and perceptions of the possible causes of resistance between postgraduate(master and Philosophical doctor) and undergraduate (fifth year bachelor) pharmacy students when assessingthe use of antibiotic and related resistance. This will help to determine the educational requirements forpharmacy students in colleges of Iraq for better understanding and dealing with the antibiotic resistanceproblem in the future
Praise be to God, and may blessings and peace be upon the Messenger of God, his family and companions, and from his family and after ...
It is the right of every nation to be proud of its heritage, science and civilization among the nations, taking pride in the efforts of its construction and the keenness of its scholars and dedication to serve their nation and their history, and from the great sciences that boast and honor our great nation and distinguish it over others the science of attribution and the preservation of the novel over generations and ages. The novel is preserved from the plagiarism of the nullified, the excess of the deceitful and the liars, and the science of isnad from religion as the scholars said, and without the
The Iranian-Sudanese relations during the era of the transitional government (1985-1986), and the era of the third democratic government, has seen a marked improvement, particularly since the transitional government, which was formed in Sudan following a popular uprising that toppled former President Jaafar Nimeiri followed based on balancing policy in international relations, which is the same policy adopted by the government of Sadiq al-Mahdi that, especially that Mr. Sadiq al-Mahdi had enjoyed close ties with the government in Tehran before he took office, and on the basis of the policy of diplomatic representation between the two countries returned since the time of the transitional government after relations were severed due to the
... Show MoreFor in the Holy Qur’an there are vivid examples and speaking models that tell stories of the tyrants who filled the world with tyranny and overwhelmed it with tyranny, and the Holy Qur’an presents these proverbs to people, not so that they may be amused by them, but rather so that they consider and bite with them. For every tyrannical tyrant, he lives within a framework of self-loss, according to him from life he lives and suffices, even without attachment to a principle or an ideal, and in the world of the unconscious with his whims, without any regard for death that is closer to him than his jugular vein, or for an account that does not leave small or great Therefore, the title of my research came to this (Qarun in the Holy Qur’a
... Show MoreIn this work, the effect of atomic ratio on structural and optical properties of SnO2/In2O3 thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition technique under vacuum and annealed at 573K in air has been studied. Atomic ratios from 0 to 100% have been used. X-ray diffraction analysis has been utilized to study the effect of atomic ratios on the phase change using XRD analyzer and the crystalline size and the lattice strain using Williamson-Hall relationship. It has been found that the ratio of 50% has the lowest crystallite size, which corresponds to the highest strain in the lattice. The energy gap has increased as the atomic ratio of indium oxide increased.
The aim of the present study is to highlight the role of total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), Glycated hemoglobin A1c and iron in Iraqi women with multiple sclerosis and also to examine the biochemical action of copaxone (which is the most widely used in the 21st century to treat multiple sclerosis) on these biochemical parameters. This is the first study in Iraq which deals copaxone action on TC , TG , HbA1c and iron. Ninety women in their fourth decade suffering from multiple sclerosis were enrolled in this study. They were divided into: the first (group B) composed of (30) women without any treatment related to multiple sclerosis or any treatment linked with chronic or inflammatory diseases. The second (group A1) included (30)
... Show MoreModern asphalt technology has adopted nanomaterials as an alternative option to assert that asphalt pavement can survive harsh climates and repeated heavy axle loading during service life and prolong pavement life. This work aims to elucidate the behavior of the modified asphalt mixture fracture model and assess the fatigue and Rutting performance of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) mixes using the outcomes of indirect Tensile Strength (IDT), Semicircular bend (SCB) and rutting resistance; for this, a single PG (64−16) nanomodified asphalt binder with 5 % SiO2 and TiO2 have been investigated through a series of laboratory tests, including: Resilient modulus, Creep compliance, and tensile strength, SCB, and Flow Number (FN) to study their potential
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In The Name of Allah Most Gracious Most Merciful
The word injustice and its derivatives were repeated in the Holy Qur’an in several places, approximately (154) times. This is due to the severity of its danger, and that the most dangerous thing that our Islamic nation suffers from in our time is; It is injustice in all its forms and types, so we should all have an honest review of the sincere change in the right direction, and uncover cases of injustice and explain their causes and causes, and work to treat them and rid the wrongdoers of their injustice, and help them to correct their condition. To reveal their grievances and explain their causes and causes, and work to remedy them, and support them and mi
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The purpose of this research is to improve the organizational performance of the Oil Projects Company by adopting an approach to strategic change، and finding appropriate solutions to the problems facing the company. The researcher adopted in designing his research by conducting a survey of previous literature that dealt with approaches to strategic change، as the results of the survey showed that most researchers agree on the approach of renewal and modernization، Which formed a starting point for the researcher to identify the extent of the company's management interest in renewal and modernization to improve its level of performance، and the quality of the procedures followed on the ground that is related to
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