Population growth and economic and industrial development coupled have significantly accelerated the rate of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) changes, particularly in developing countries, so finding optimum ways to observe these change has become a pressing issue. Quantification evaluation of these changes is crucial to comprehend and oversee land management conversion, therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the accuracy of various algorithms for LULC classification to determine the most effective classifier for Earth observation applications. The performance of Maximum Likelihood (ML), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) was examined in this study, based on Sentinel 2A satellite images. The accuracy of those classifiers was evaluated using the Kappa Coefficient and normalized difference index-based verification. The findings indicate that all classifiers exhibit high accuracy levels with variations. The RF algorithm had the highest Kappa coefficient of 0.90, while the KNN algorithm the lowest of 0.76. The accuracy values for RF, SVM, ML, and KNN were 93.1%, 91.2%, 86.2%, and 82.5%, respectively. Results from this study using index-based LULC show that the RF classifier outperforms the others. The results of this study can be used in monitoring LULC change tasks.
Products’ quality inspection is an important stage in every production route, in which the quality of the produced goods is estimated and compared with the desired specifications. With traditional inspection, the process rely on manual methods that generates various costs and large time consumption. On the contrary, today’s inspection systems that use modern techniques like computer vision, are more accurate and efficient. However, the amount of work needed to build a computer vision system based on classic techniques is relatively large, due to the issue of manually selecting and extracting features from digital images, which also produces labor costs for the system engineers. In this research, we pr
... Show MoreProducts’ quality inspection is an important stage in every production route, in which the quality of the produced goods is estimated and compared with the desired specifications. With traditional inspection, the process rely on manual methods that generates various costs and large time consumption. On the contrary, today’s inspection systems that use modern techniques like computer vision, are more accurate and efficient. However, the amount of work needed to build a computer vision system based on classic techniques is relatively large, due to the issue of manually selecting and extracting features from digital images, which also produces labor costs for the system engineers.
 
... Show MoreAmputation of the upper limb significantly hinders the ability of patients to perform activities of daily living. To address this challenge, this paper introduces a novel approach that combines non-invasive methods, specifically Electroencephalography (EEG) and Electromyography (EMG) signals, with advanced machine learning techniques to recognize upper limb movements. The objective is to improve the control and functionality of prosthetic upper limbs through effective pattern recognition. The proposed methodology involves the fusion of EMG and EEG signals, which are processed using time-frequency domain feature extraction techniques. This enables the classification of seven distinct hand and wrist movements. The experiments conducte
... Show MorePun concept the design discourse for the cover of magazines the researcher chose the German magazine Der Spiegel as a model for that, as the research problem was manifested by the following question: What are the representations of puns in the covers of the German magazine (Der Spiegel)? The researcher has identified four chapters for this study as follows: The first chapter is devoted to research procedures, and the theoretical framework, which is like the second chapter, included the literature related to the topic of research according to the two interlocutors. A review of the concept of pun in the field of typographic design and the functions that puns achieve in that field, leading to the third chapter, which included the analysis
... Show MoreConfocal microscope imaging has become popular in biotechnology labs. Confocal imaging technology utilizes fluorescence optics, where laser light is focused onto a specific spot at a defined depth in the sample. A considerable number of images are produced regularly during the process of research. These images require methods of unbiased quantification to have meaningful analyses. Increasing efforts to tie reimbursement to outcomes will likely increase the need for objective data in analyzing confocal microscope images in the coming years. Utilizing visual quantification methods to quantify confocal images with naked human eyes is an essential but often underreported outcome measure due to the time required for manual counting and e
... Show MoreBackground: Presence of maxillary sinus septa has been known to be a complicating factor for sinus elevation procedure and implant placement in posterior maxilla. The maxillary sinuses septa are thin walls of cortical bone inside the sinus. They vary in number, location, and height. This study aimed to discover the accuracy of Spiral Computed Tomographic Scan in evaluation the maxillary sinus septa (prevalence, location, height) in subjects with dentate, partially edentulous and completely edentulous maxilla. Material and method: This study included (267) subjects ranged from (20-70 years), (132) male and (135) female divided into three groups, (97) fully dentate group, (102) partially edentulous group and (68) completely edentulous group w
... Show More1-(4-amino-3-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yldiazenyl)phenyl)ethanone has been synthezied by reaction the diazonium salt of 2-aminobenzothiazole with 4-aminoacetophenone. Specroscopic studies ( FTIR,UV-Vis, 1H and 13CNMR) and microelemental analysis (C.H.N.S.O) are use to identified of the azo ligand. Metal chelates of some transition metals were performed as well depicted. Complexes were identified using atomic absorption of flame, elemental analysis, infrared and UV-Vis spectral process as well conductivity and magnetic quantifications. Nature of compounds produced have been studied followed the mole ratio and continuous contrast methods, Beer's law followed during a concentration scope (1×10-4 - 3×10-4 mol/L). height molar absorbtivity of compoun
... Show MoreLand Transport regards a main element in the In Fra – structure of the national economy where distance and time shortness, open new opportunities of work, develop the different regions and rise the standard of living….
It is necessary to emphasize that the circumastances surrounding Iraq such as wars, economic sanctions, blockade occupation effected negatively upon economic Indicators of land Transportion including Value of output Value added contraction of Investment allocation and Investment expend tuer and the period of implementation and fulfillment of the projects of Land Transport to be ready to offer their service in underdeveloped country Like Iraq aiming to satisfy Fast and acomprehensi
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