This comprehensive review examines the efficacy and safety of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors in treating various autoimmune diseases, and focuses on their application in Iraqi patients. Elevated TNF-α levels are linked to autoimmune disorders, leading to the development of anti-TNF-α therapies such as infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, and golimumab, which have gained FDA approval for conditions like psoriasis, in¬flammatory bowel disease, ankylosing spondylitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. While these therapies demonstrate sig¬nificant therapeutic benefits, including improved quality of life and disease management, they also carry risks, such as increased susceptibility to infections and potential malignancies. The review highlights the variable patient re¬sponses to TNF-α inhibitors, influenced by pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors as well as genetic varia¬tions. The rise of anti-drug antibodies and inadequate drug concentrations are common challenges observed, empha¬sizing the need for therapeutic drug monitoring. Safety profiles of TNF-α inhibitors are generally favorable, but adverse effects (including infections and infusion reactions) have been reported. Genetic factors, such as polymorphisms in the TNF-α gene, may also play a role in the treatment responsiveness and adverse effects, suggesting the potential for personalized medicine approaches. While TNF-α inhibitors effectively manage autoimmune diseases in Iraqi pa¬tients, further research is warranted in order to optimize treatment strategies, assess long-term safety, and explore genetic influences on therapy outcomes. The findings underscore the importance of individualized treatment plans so as to enhance the efficacy and minimize the risks associated with these biologic therapies.
Crime has become a phenomenon associated with human socialization. Wherever human groups are found, a crime, which differs from one society to another, is found. It is one of the most dangerous social issues that undermines the solidarity of a given society. This is because it establishes a takeoff from community's norms, values, customs and traditions, and thus turns into a danger to the lives of people, groups and society that threatens its strength and security. The paper focuses on the crimes that violate the social law, like child rape, incest and electronic extortion, which are increasing in size, increasing as a result their repercussions on the human society. The study seeks several objectives, including: examining the natu
... Show MoreThe inhibitive action of polyvinyl alcohol –sodium nitrite (PVASN) composite on the corrosion of mild steel in simulated cooling water (SCW) has been investigated by weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization. The effect of composite concentration (PVA/SN) , pH, and exposure time on corrosion rate of mild steel were verified using 2 levels factorial design and surface response analysis through weight loss approach, while the electrochemical measurements were used to study the behavior of mild steel in (SCW) with pH between 6 and 8 and in absence and presence of (PVA) in solution containing different concentration of NaNO2. It was verified that all three main variables studied were statistically significant while their interaction is
... Show Moreالغرض من هذا العمل هو دراسة الفضاء الإسقاطي ثلاثي الأبعاد PG (3، P) حيث p = 4 باستخدام المعادلات الجبرية وجدنا النقاط والخطوط والمستويات وفي هذا الفضاء نبني (k، ℓ) -span وهي مجموعة من خطوط k لا يتقاطع اثنان منها. نثبت أن الحد الأقصى للكمال (k، ℓ) -span في PG (3،4) هو (17، ℓ) -span ، وهو ما يساوي جميع نقاط المساحة التي تسمى السبريد.
E.M. Forster (1879-1970) is one of the important novelists who dealt with the personal and social lives of the people in England during the early beginning of the twentieth century. During his literary career, he developed gradually his views about man and his position in society.
In his first novel, Where Angels Fear to Tread (1902), the focus is laid on local and personal issues in the lives of the characters. It is limited to the relations between neighbours in small communities. Though the setting is shifted to Italy, Forster does not make full use of this shift to present cultural or racial conflicts; rather he limits his plot to the private tr
... Show MoreThe current research aims to identify the level of impact of strategic improvisation as an independent variable on organizational health. The dependent variable in the Department of Health of Dhi Qar to reach appropriate mechanisms in order to reach appropriate mechanisms and recommendations proposed to contribute to the achievement of organizational health in the Department of Health of Dhi Qar (the research department) and based on the importance of the subject of research in government institutions and the important and service role of the Department of Health of Dhi Qar in the Iraqi society. The descriptive analytical approach was adopted in the completion of the research based on the opinions of the leaders in the surveyed depa
... Show MoreStrategic decision making is considered one of the important processes for senior management in contemporary business organizations and service organizations due to the properties of the service such as intangibility, concomitance and mortality. Decision-making has three approaches according to the opinions of most of the writers and researchers in the administrative area: an analytical approach, intuitive approach and behavioral approach. This research is trying to discover the nature of the relationship in terms of the link between the impact of each of these approaches and efficiency of marketing services by selecting an intentional sample of 58 researches from the Directorate General of Traffic, one of the Iraqi Interior Ministry ins
... Show MoreThe study of triples seeks to deal with the comprehensive nature of the Qur’an texts, and the choice fell on the trilogy of great torment, pain, and humiliation in the Noble Qur’an - an objective study, the title of this research, in which I tried to shed light on these terms, and the nuances between them, and in particular torment The eschatological terminology varied, which can be summed up in three terms, namely the great, the painful, and the offensive. The types of torment, the pain is the painful one that is described by the severity of pain and its horror, as for the humiliating punishment, it is that which humiliates the one who has fallen on it, and the diversity of torment is due to the diversity of sins.
Abstract
This research deals with the technical of opening text during the critical
study about the poem of Al- ssiyab which is named ( city with out rain)
We chose this poem also to make connection with the western critical
theories.
Our study aims to explain the act of opening texts and critics and its
methods and directions in modern Arabic poetry.
It also aims to show the differences in the point of view between critics
and poetries.
The research depends on dimension vision of selective, and descriptive.
In fish, a complex set of mechanisms deal with environmental stresses including hypoxia. In order to probe the hypothesis that hypoxia-induced stress could be manifested in varieties of pathways, a model species, mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio), were chronically exposed to hypoxic condition (dissolved oxygen level: 1.80±0.6mg/l) for 21 days and subsequently allowed to recover under normoxic condition (dissolved oxygen level: 8.2±0.5mg/l) for 7 days. At the end of these exposure periods, an integrated approach was applied to evaluate several endpoints at different levels of biological organisation. These included determination of (i) oxidative damage to DNA in erythrocytes (using modified comet assay), (ii) lipid peroxidation in liver sample
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