This comprehensive review examines the efficacy and safety of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors in treating various autoimmune diseases, and focuses on their application in Iraqi patients. Elevated TNF-α levels are linked to autoimmune disorders, leading to the development of anti-TNF-α therapies such as infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, and golimumab, which have gained FDA approval for conditions like psoriasis, in¬flammatory bowel disease, ankylosing spondylitis, and rheumatoid arthritis. While these therapies demonstrate sig¬nificant therapeutic benefits, including improved quality of life and disease management, they also carry risks, such as increased susceptibility to infections and potential malignancies. The review highlights the variable patient re¬sponses to TNF-α inhibitors, influenced by pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors as well as genetic varia¬tions. The rise of anti-drug antibodies and inadequate drug concentrations are common challenges observed, empha¬sizing the need for therapeutic drug monitoring. Safety profiles of TNF-α inhibitors are generally favorable, but adverse effects (including infections and infusion reactions) have been reported. Genetic factors, such as polymorphisms in the TNF-α gene, may also play a role in the treatment responsiveness and adverse effects, suggesting the potential for personalized medicine approaches. While TNF-α inhibitors effectively manage autoimmune diseases in Iraqi pa¬tients, further research is warranted in order to optimize treatment strategies, assess long-term safety, and explore genetic influences on therapy outcomes. The findings underscore the importance of individualized treatment plans so as to enhance the efficacy and minimize the risks associated with these biologic therapies.
From a health standpoint, fluoride (F) is a vital element for humans. It had harmful effects on numerous organs when consumed in high dosages. Fluoride poisoning has been linked to liver damage. The purpose of this study was to see how sodium fluoride (Naf) affected liver function and the glycemic index in adult male albino rats. Fourteen (14) adult male Wistar albino rats were randomly and evenly divided into two groups and given the following treatments for thirty (30) days: G1 Group (Control group), were given distilled water and fed a balanced diet, G2 rats were administered water that contained 100 ppm Naf. The animals were fasted for 8-12 hours before being anesthetized and blood samples were taken by heart puncture technique
... Show MoreIt reveals speech communication whether it is legible audible or visible on a comprehensive formula inhabited open language on the modalities for reporting cases of the source say, making communication cognitive processes, is not to produce arguments as it is about the generation of the content of communication, so the contact of any kind remains practice for the cognitive action by the language in which it operates as a way agreed to their units between the poles of communication circle in the framework of a certain socio-cultural context, and that becomes the basis of the text of the message external referrals, making it feasible for multiple readings in semantic dimensions and deliberative
In this study the prevalence of acute, sub-acute and chronic toxoplasmosis were monitored in a group of Iraqi pregnant women according to the anti-T.gondii antibodies (IgG and IgM), as well as the levels of both progesterone and estrogen hormones were measured using mini-VIDAS®technique. This study demonstrated that there was high prevalence of chronic toxoplasmosis (31.70%) when it compared with acute and sub-acute type, results also showed that the acute toxoplasmosis always related with low concentration of both progesterone and estrogen which were (5.35 ± 7.15 ng/ml) and (70.66 ± 51.08 pg/ml) respectively
The current study aimed to detect the effect of gentamicin stress on the expression of hla (encodes hemolysin) and nuc (encodes nuclease) genes of Staphylococcus aureus. Fifty-eight isolates identified as S. aureus were isolated locally from different clinical specimens. Disk diffusion method was used to detect the resistance to S. aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of gentamicin was estimated by broth microdilution method. hla and nuc genes were determined by polymerase chain reaction technique. The biofilm was evaluated using the microtiter plate method in the presence and absence of gentamicin at sub-MIC. The results showed that 18 (31%) and 40 (69%) S. aureus isolates were sensitive and resistant to gentamicin, respectiv
... Show MoreColor is one of the most important elements involved and contributing mainly to designs and visual works, whether they are fixed or mobile, for internal spaces through what color gives it the possibilities on the physical and intellectual level, if the process is linked to the functional performance or the aesthetic value, which is thus included within the system of processors and basic works in Designing the interior spaces and highlighting the functional and aesthetic aspects of them through the executed designs that are linked to certain techniques and mechanisms. Therefore, they are processed according to the references and pressure structures or the creation and modern dealing with materials and designs to implement operations in hi
... Show MoreThe world is witnessing a remarkable development in the use of technology, which has made it an essential means of investment, especially in the field of management, which provided many of the facilities experienced by the institutions, including improving revenues, shortening time and saving labor. Islamic investment technology as a successful means of management and we touched on the Zakat Foundation as an application model.
This research deals with shedding light on the issue of the poor understanding of students of Islamic sciences colleges for the subject of modern sciences; their causes and treatment, and it started with an introduction and an introductory research; The general weakness of the level of students of colleges of Islamic sciences in this article, and I detailed these reasons that relate to: the curriculum, the teaching staff, and students, and then concluded it with proposals and recommendations that would address this weakness.
The research aims to monitor and analyze the visual and symbolic features, derived from the Omani heritage, and inspired by the concept of local identity, for a selection of contemporary Omani graphic art works, which represent a mixed, multi-category of research sample, comprising three levels: the works of professional Omani artists, and the works of young artists and specialized students, as well as the work of a number of active academics in the field of graphic theorizing and teaching. The sample is also divided - in terms of technical classification - into a category of works executed using traditional engraving and printing media, and a category of works executed using modern and digital graphic printing media.
Through the da
The research aims to identify the role determined by the dimensions of marketing in the relationship represented by (trust in the relationship, commitment to the relationship, communication during the relationship) in how to contribute to the success of the industrial project management in Iraq as a case study in the General Directorate of Industrial Development. Their number is (50) workers, where the research problem centered on knowing the impact and importance of relationship marketing on the success of industrial project management. The descriptive analytical approach. Using SPSS and Amos, the researcher tested and analysed hypotheses about the relationship and the influence between the research variables through a questionnaire . Test
... Show MoreThe subject of indication is one of many subjects that the Arabic language interest in and we decide that this research which we called (Indication of the abstract and Augmented Tri verbs) in one of Al-Quran Suras which is Al-moulk to dive in the secrets and knowledge of its meanings and knowledge of its structure in terms of abstraction and increase, And the investigation of our ancient scholars of linguistics and interpreters in its meanings. The verbss were classified according to the structure in which they were presented. The research includes two sections followed by the conclusion of the research, sources and its references. The first section (the indication of the abstract Tri verbs) in the sura is divided into four branches in w
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