Increasing hydrocarbon recovery from tight reservoirs is an essential goal of oil industry in the recent years. Building real dynamic simulation models and selecting and designing suitable development strategies for such reservoirs need basically to construct accurate structural static model construction. The uncertainties in building 3-D reservoir models are a real challenge for such micro to nano pore scale structure. Based on data from 24 wells distributed throughout the Sadi tight formation. An application of building a 3-D static model for a tight limestone oil reservoir in Iraq is presented in this study. The most common uncertainties confronted while building the model were illustrated. Such as accurate estimations of cut-off permeability and porosity values. These values directly affect the calculation of net pay thickness for each layer in the reservoir and consequently affect the target of estimating reservoir initial oil in place (IOIP). Also, the main challenge to the static modeling of such reservoirs is dealing with tight reservoir characteristics which cause major reservoir heterogeneity and complexities that are problematic to the process of modeling reservoir simulation. Twenty seven porosity and permeability measurements from Sadi/Tanuma reservoir were used to validate log interpretation data for model construction. The results of the history matching process of the constructed dynamic model is also presented in this paper, including data related to oil production, reservoir pressure, and well flowing pressure due to available production.
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The importance of specifying proper aggregate grading for achieving satisfactory performance in pavement applications has long been recognized. To improve the specifications for superior performance, there is a need to understand how differences in aggregate gradations within the acceptable limits may affect unbound aggregate base behavior. The effects of gradation on strength, modulus, and deformation characteristics of high-quality crushed rock base materials are described here. Two crushed rock types commonly used in constructing heavy-duty granular base layers in the State of Victoria, Australia, with three different gradations each were used in this study. The gradations used represent the lower, medium, and upper gradation li
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Depletion of fossil fuel is one of the main reasons why the bioethanol has become popular. It is a renewable energy source. In order to meet the great demand of bioethanol, it is best that the bioethanol production is from cheap raw materials. Since the golden shower fruit is not being utilized and is considered as waste material, hence, this study was conducted to make use of the large volume of the residue as feedstock to test its potential for bioethanol extraction.The main goal of this study is to obtain the most volume of bioethanol from the golden shower fruit liquid residue by the factors, days of fermentation (3, 5, and 7 days) and sugar concentration (15, 20 and 25 brix) of the liquid residue. Also, part of the study is to compu
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Helps to use the mechanics of organizational agility in improving product quality by reducing waste or reduce it by removing activities that do not add value, which is the main reason for inefficiency and low productivity and increase costs, so the difficulty of changing administrative decisions to cope with internal and external changes to keep up with market trends renewable are the basic issue that research seeks to be addressed through the adoption of mechanisms of organizational agility, which will be reflected in bottom line in a positive way in improving the quality of products, and thus lies Applied important to look at the light of the results achieved and in which they can know the nature of the relationship between the
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In this research, a number of the western al-Anbar clays (red iron clays, Attapulgite) were modified by treating them thermally with a temperature of 650oC. After that, these clays reflux with sodium hydroxide 5% for 1 hour by using microwave as a power supply. The research included fractionation alqayaira crude oil the fractionation included removing the asphaltene by precipitation from the crude using a simple paraffin solvent (normal hexane) as a non-soluble substance. After that it was filtered using the ash-free filter paper 42, the dissolved part, maltinate, was taken, drying a temperature of 75oC and weight, and to find the percentage of the two parts. Malatine was divided into three main parts (paraf
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Sorption is a key factor in removal of organic and inorganic contaminants from their aqueous solutions. In this study, we investigated the removal of Xylenol Orange tetrasodium salt (XOTS) from its aqueous solution by Bauxite (BXT) and cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide modified Bauxite (BXT-HDTMA) in batch experiments. The BXT and BXT-HDTMA were characterized using FTIR, and SEM techniques. Adsorption studies were performed at various parameters i.e. temperature, contact time, adsorbent weight, and pH. The modified BXT showed better maximum removal efficiency (98.6% at pH = 9.03) compared to natural Bauxite (75% at pH 2.27), suggesting that BXT-HDTMA is an excellent adsorbent for the removal of XOTS from water. The equ
... Show MoreCoagulation is the most important process in drinking water treatment. Alum coagulant increases the aluminum residuals, which have been linked in many studies to Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, it is very important to use it with the very optimal dose. In this paper, four sets of experiments were done to determine the relationship between raw water characteristics: turbidity, pH, alkalinity, temperature, and optimum doses of alum [ .14 O] to form a mathematical equation that could replace the need for jar test experiments. The experiments were performed under different conditions and under different seasonal circumstances. The optimal dose in every set was determined, and used to build a gene expression model (GEP). The models were co
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