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Agricultural Irrigation Pricing: Review of Theories and Practices
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Abstract<p>Water pricing and substitution of the costs of irrigation investment operation and maintenance have been controversial issues for a long time. The small charges for irrigation water are addressed, and additionally, the low level of farmers who pay the costs. In a few schemes, expense accumulation rates are close to zero, notwithstanding when water charges are well beneath the cost of operation and maintenance. Water prices are charged to farmers for two essential objectives. The first is to cover the operation and maintenance estimation with the goal that the investment is fiscally practical. Much of the time, costs will likewise need to incorporate a price for the cost of capital required to develop the scheme. This charge for capital is fundamental for future irrigation system investment. The second reason involves estimation to help farmers utilize less water per unit of yield or to deliver more prominent net economic returns per unit of water, or both.</p><p>This paper summarizes irrigation water pricing methodologies and the related academic literature. Three water pricing methods are presented: volumetric, non‐volumetric and water market. For each methodology, potential impacts on water usage are postulated and supported by a summary of the academic literature. In addition, a summarized case study of irrigation water‐pricing practices and effects in Iraq is presented. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p>
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Publication Date
Sun Sep 02 2012
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Synthesis , Spectroscopic and Antibacterial Studies of Zinc(II) Complexes Derived from Salicylaldehyde, Leucylalanine and Glycylglycine
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Two Schiff base ligands L1 and L2 have been obtained by condensation of salicylaldehyde respectively with leucylalanine and glycylglycine then their complexes with Zn(II)were prepared and characterized by elemental analyses , conductivity measurement , IR and UV-Vis .The molar conductance measurement indicated that the Zn(II) complexes are 1:1 non-electrolytes. The IR data demonstrated that the tetradentate binding of the ligands L1 and L2 . The in vitro biological screening effect of the investigated compounds have been tested against the bacterial species Staphlococcus aureus, Escherichia coil , Klebsiella pneumaniae, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the disc diffusion method . A comparative study of inhibition values of

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Publication Date
Thu Jan 01 2009
Journal Name
Ibn Al- Haitha M J. Fo R Pur E & Appl. Sc I
Synthesis and Structural Study of Some Mo(II) Carbonyl Complexes with Triazole and Oxadiazole Derivatives
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A new carbonyl complexes of triazole and oxadiazole were synthesized. These complexes were identified and their structural geometric were suggested by using FT-IR and UV-Vis spectra, conductivity measurements and other chemical and physical properties. The spectra data (FT-IR, UV, Vis.) with the substantial aid of group theoretical calculations gave so many evidences for the proposed geometries and the type of bonding of these compounds

Publication Date
Fri Jun 20 1930
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
Prison and imprisonment   And their impact on the strengthening of power In the Qur'anic perspective
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Prison and imprisonment  
And their impact on the strengthening of power
In the Qur'anic perspective

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Publication Date
Mon Sep 30 2019
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
What agreed word and differed from        Fundamentalist terms        Between my school of speakers and jurists
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In his study, the researcher highlighted the most important methods of authorship in the fundamentals of jurisprudence and speech. Fundamentalist rules and extraction and access method; they also distinct from each other that each has special divisions of the subjects of jurisprudence.

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Publication Date
Mon Aug 01 2022
Journal Name
Nauchforum
METAPHOR AND THE FEMININE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF L. ULITSKAYA'S WORK "MEDEA AND HER СHILDREN")
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The article considers metaphors as one of the fundamental means used by L. Ulitskaya when writing the family chronicle "Medea and her Children" (1996), for the formation of images of heroines - representatives of the pronounced feminine principle in the work. Here I describe the results of the next stage of research related to the work of Lyudmila Evgenievna Ulitskaya as a representative of modern Russian prose.

Publication Date
Mon Jan 01 2007
Journal Name
Al Mustansiriya Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Synthesis and study of the mixed ligand (phenylalanine and anthranilic acid) with some transition Ions
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This paper presents the synthesis and study of some new mixed-ligand complexes containing anthranilic acid and amino acid phenylalanine (phe) with some metals . The resulting products were found to be solid crystalline complexes which have been characterized by using (FT-IR,UV-Vis) spectra , melting point, elemental analysis (C.H.N) , molar conductivity . The proposed structure of the complexes using program , chem office 3D(2000) . The general formula have been given for the prepared complexes : [M(A-H)(phe-H)] M(II): Hg(II) , Mn(II) ,Co(II) , Ni(II) , Cu(II) , Zn(II) , Cd(II) . A = Anthranilic acid = C7H7NO2 Phe = phenylalanine = C9H11NO2

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Publication Date
Wed Dec 30 2015
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
The absurdity of Orientalist thought and its deviation in interpretation Quranic text View and critique
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The absurdity of Orientalist thought and its deviation in interpretation
Quranic text
View and critique

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Publication Date
Tue Sep 19 2023
Journal Name
Polymer Bulletin
Adsorption of Pb(II) and Cr(III) ions and p-chlorophenol on polymethylmethacrylate-organobentonite Nanocomposite
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In this research, an organobentonite (HDTMA-BT) was prepared by modifying a jordanian bentonite (BT) with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. By means of in situ free radical polymerization in THF with AIBN as the initiator, this organobentonite is used to prepare the polymethylmethacrylate-bentonite (PMA-HDTMA-BT) nanocomposite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to characterize both HDTMA-BT and PMA-HDTMA-BT. Those adsorbents were used in a batch process to remove Pb(II), Cr(III) ions, and p-chlorophenol (PCP) from aqueous solution. Investigated factors included adsorbent dosage, initial pH solution, contact time, an

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Publication Date
Mon Apr 03 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
Personal and Moral Responsibility and Its Relation with Moral Flexibility upon Faculty of Secondary Schools
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Abstract

The factor that keeps society from collapsing and regressing to chaos, violence, and lawbreaking is to stick to the human moral principles and criteria of moral behavior that prevent the spread of corruption and crime to the extent that law becomes devoid of activity and loss its dot errant power in front of chaos. The role of moral behavior is to motivate individuals to respect the general laws in dealing with others. Because of the dissemination of odd behavior patterns within our society, the social links are been badly affected and it's urgent for educational institutions to perform their duty in working on spreading awareness about moral values and avoid deviant directions and socially threatening t

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Publication Date
Tue Nov 01 2022
Journal Name
Heliyon
Removal of copper by Azolla filiculoides and Lemna minor: phytoremediation potential, adsorption kinetics and isotherms
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