Seven species of semi venomous Opisthoglypha snakes (Reptilia, Ophidia) of Iraq are listed with important characteristics in morphology due to geographical and individual variation of species, as well, the confusion in the scales count of Telescopus tessellatus martini (Schmidt, 1939) of Iraq are discussed.

Seven species of semi venomous Opisthoglypha snakes (Reptilia, Ophidia) of Iraq are listed with important characteristics in morphology due to geographical and individual variation of species, as well, the confusion in the scales count of Telescopus tessellatus martini (Schmidt, 1939) of Iraq are discussed.

    Two dwarf snakes were discovered, Eirenis thospitis Schmidtler & Lanza from Sereen mountain, north east of Arbil  and E. rothii Jan from Saffin mountain North of Arbil  city  North of Iraqi Kurdistan. Supported by description and important notes on variation. In addition summarized list for 9 species of the genus Eirenis Jan in Iraq is also presented.  

Fish, like other living organisms, are susceptible to infection with a variety of parasites. Fish is almost not free of parasites, as internal and external parasites. Parasites are organisms of great importance because of their different types and multiple life cycles, they are used as evidence of environmental pollution, and the life of the host . This study dealt with the database of studies of fish parasites in Iraq. Which includes the following classes of parasites: Nematodes as Rhabdochona sp., Anisakis sp., Monogenic as Cichlidogyrus sclerosus , Dactylogyrus anchorayus, Discocotyle sagittata, Dactylogyrus arcuatus, Dactylogyrus extensus, Dactylogyrus simplex, Dactylogyrus Gussevi , Dactylogyrus inexpectatus. Ciliates as Tricho

Waterborne parasites are primary parasites that are ubiquitous and affect humans, pets, and wildlife throughout the world. According to the World Health Organization, more than 80 human diseases transmitted by water in developing countries, 60% of the population do not have access to clean drinking water .Waterborne diseases occur worldwide, and outbreaks caused by the contamination of community water systems have the potential to cause disease in large number of consumers. This study dealt with the database of studies of waterborne parasites in Iraq. Which includes the following classes of parasites: Nematodes as Ascaris lumbericoides, Trichuris sp., Strongyloides stericorailis and Enterobius vermicularis. Cestodes as Taenia sp. and Hymeno

Leishmania species are intracellular protozoan parasites that spend a portion of their life cycle in the midgut of sand flies and the remainder in the tissues of mammals. These parasites, which cause a class of human disorders known as leishmaniasis, live mostly in macrophages, where they multiply and survive by employing a variety of defense mechanisms against the oxidative stress and acidity generated by these immune cells. To help control their reaction to heat stress, they also produce heat shock proteins. Furthermore, the promastigote form has a glycocalyx that is necessary for colonizing the gut wall of the sand fly and completing its life cycle. Consequently, a variety of virulence factors contribute to the parasite's pathoge

Abstract Leishmania species are intracellular protozoan parasites that spend a portion of their life cycle in the midgut of sand flies and the remainder in the tissues of mammals. These parasites, which cause a class of human disorders known as leishmaniasis, live mostly in macrophages, where they multiply and survive by employing a variety of defense mechanisms against the oxidative stress and acidity generated by these immune cells. To help control their reaction to heat stress, they also produce heat shock proteins. Furthermore, the promastigote form has a glycocalyx that is necessary for colonizing the gut wall of the sand fly and completing its life cycle. Consequently, a variety of virulence factors contribute to the parasite's pathog

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV 2) or 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is quickly spreading to the rest of the world, from its origin in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. And becoming a global pandemic that affects the world's most powerful countries. The goal of this review is to assist scientists, researchers, and others in responding to the current Coronavirus disease (covid-19) is a worldwide public health contingency state. This review discusses current evidence based on recently published studies which is related to the origin of the virus, epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and all studies in Iraq for the effect of covid-19 diseases, as well as provide a reference for future research

Abstract. Iraq is characterized by a distinctive botanical and geological diversity with different plant families, monocotyledons and dicotyledons, the spread of dicotyledonous plants was more unique and of other species, For example, in Al-Tib, Maysan, Iraq, which through field trips to study the plant diversity and the surrounding conditions at these areas, it was found that the species belong for many plant families, dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants, including: Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Capparidaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Convolvulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Papaveraceae, Plantaginaceae, Primulaceae, Salicaceae, Ranunculaceae, Solanaceae,