this paper has dealt with the rules of writing debts and making witnesses to them. It begins with defining debt linguistically and conventionally.it states the first writing of debt by the prophet Adam and his sons, it also displays a number of opinions and evidences.Then it discusses the evidences and gives prominence to what appears to be more accurate with the reasons.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines play an important role in intercellular communications. In the last two decades, many cytokines have been identified in human milk. These cytokines are variable according to different conditions such as pathogenic infections which strongly stimulated the immune response. The present study aims to determine of IL1β and TNF-α in Toxoplasma gondii-free and infected women in an attempt to clarify the impacts of the infections on cytokines especially in mother's milk. The serum and milk sample were collected from 96 samples (48 for seropositive and 48 for seronegative). To confirm the Toxoplasma gondii infection; enzyme linked immunofluorescence assay (ELIFA) was used to detect anti-Toxoplasma Ig

Abstract: Background: Optical biosensors offer excellent properties and methods for detecting bacteria when compared to traditional analytical techniques.  It allows direct detection of many biological and chemical materials.  Bacteria are found in the human body naturally non-pathogenic and pathologically, as they are found in other living organisms.  One of these bacteria is Escherichia coli (E. coli) which are found in the human body in its natural and pathogenic form. E.coli bacteria cause many diseases, including Stomach, intestines, urinary system infections, and others. The aim of this study: is sensing and differentiation between normal flora and pathogenic E.coli. Material and method:

The current study focuses on the bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii due to its importance as a nosocomial infections source in addition to its increased resistance against antibiotics. Different clinical and hospital environment samples were collected, and cultured on A. baumannii selective media: Leed Acinetobacter agar and Herellea agar. A. baumannii have been identified by traditional methods, followed by confirmation using molecular identification to detect bla_{oxa-51 like} gene which is considered a diagnostic gene since it is present in genome of all A. baumannii strains. The result was, nineteen bacterial isolates of A.baumannii were obtained, from twenty-seven suspected isolate

Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial effect of mastic gum against the most common aerobic oral bacteria and
emphasized on oral streptococci.
Methodology: In this study 10 persons (males and females of 18-60 years old) were randomly assigned to chew
mastic gum (1.5 gm for 45 minutes). Mouth washes were collected before and after gum chewing .The two mouth
washes were diluted (10-1 – 10-6) and cultivated aerobically for 24 hours at 37C0 on BHI agar for total bacterial
count and on MSF agar for counting the oral streptococci.
Results: The results showed that the total bacterial count for staphylococci, Neisseria and oral streptococci on BHI
agar and MSF agar for oral streptococci after mastic chewing were highly r

يرجع تاريخ الاصلاحات الادارية إلى سبعينات القرن الماضي  ،ولاسيما الندوة التي عقدت لبحث العوامل المؤثرة في انخفاض الانتاجية عام 1976، وعملية ترشيق الاجهزة الادارية للدولة عام 1987.

            ان بحثنا الموسوم (نظام المعلومات المحاسبية ودوره في عملية اتخاذ القرارات) يتم عرضه في فرعين مترابطين، هما:

• المحاسبة نظام معلومات.
• الادارة صانعة للقرار.<

Means the current research to study the organization formal and its role in demonstrating aesthetic values of the publications issued by the Telecommunications Company (Asia Cell) in Iraq, where is the organization the formal need for a mission to find the concepts and dimensions of the functional and expressive and aesthetic added to the impact of the actor in achieving the goals set for the publication.
The target is determined by the researcher to disclose the role of formal organization to show the aesthetic values of the publication to reach scientific results

Banking institutions are considered one of development foundations,and they also performe active role in supporting national economey and itsinstitutions. Banks became diversed in their activities that specialized Banksbecame one of the constituents of developing work in any activity, especiallyin investiment sector .In view of the importance of insurance sector and thenecessity of developing its divices and its working instituments, studyinginsurance Banking reality became a necessity, because insurance Companies inIraq are suffering of weakness in the level of insurance service, in addition tothe existence of a problem in the relationship between Banks network andinsurance industry.So this research aims to define insurance reality; the

ان التعايش السلمي والوحدة الوطنية تربطهما علاقة وثيقة تعبر عن حاجة اجتماعية في أطار تطور مجتمعي للدولة العراقية، فقد شهد العراق بعد العام 2003 تحديا جديدا تمثل في تغليب الانتماءات الفرعية والطائفية والعرقية والدينية والمذهبية على الانتماء الوطني مما يؤدي الى بلورة وترسيخ عوامل الانقسام وتفتيت لمقومات الوحدة الاندماج الوطني ، لذلك تعد دعامة التعايش السلمي في المجتمعات ضرورة لازمة من اجل الحفاظ على كينونة