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Activating Letter of credits under the Swift system in Iraq
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Abstract

               Documentary credits are considered successful means to reduce imports, especially unnecessary imports that lead to the outflow of foreign currency from the country. However, due to the backwardness of the banking methods, the reintroduction of documentary credits after 2003 did not effectively contribute to reducing import rates. This has had a negative impact on the Iraqi economy and made it vulnerable to external markets. Documentary credits are also considered the best way to ensure payment in international trade, providing independent credit support and sufficient security for exporters and importers against commercial risks. Documentary credits are used to finance foreign trade. The importance of researching the activation of documentary credits and their role as an effective tool to reduce imports of unnecessary goods in the SWIFT system arises. The Iraqi economy faces several challenges, including structural imbalances in various economic sectors (industrial, agricultural, and service sectors) and the inability to meet local demand, leading to increased imports of unnecessary goods and leakage of foreign currency abroad. The research hypothesis suggests that documentary credits have an impact in reducing the leakage of foreign currencies and as a tool for controlling foreign trade under the SWIFT system. The aim of the research is to shed light on the reality of documentary credits in Iraq in light of the development of banking methods and the role of documentary credits in reducing the outflow of foreign currency and unnecessary imports. The role of the SWIFT system in Iraq in curbing the smuggling of foreign currency is also examined. The research reached several conclusions, including the significant importance of documentary credits and the SWIFT system in regulating foreign trade and reducing the outflow of foreign currency abroad. There is also substantial international support from financial institutions for the SWIFT system in financing foreign trade. The key recommendations include directing operating banks to work with the system of documentary credits to cover imports and not relying on the external currency exchange window.

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Publication Date
Wed Nov 01 2017
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Estimate the distribution parameters for the best rates of rainfall in Iraq
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This paper presents a statistical study for a suitable distribution of rainfall in the provinces of Iraq

 Using two types of distributions for the period (2005-2015). The researcher suggested log normal distribution, Mixed exponential distribution of each rovince were tested with the distributions to determine the optimal distribution of rainfall in Iraq. The distribution will be selected on the basis of minimum standards produced some goodness of fit  tests, which are to determine

Akaike (CAIC), Bayesian Akaike (BIC),  Akaike (AIC). It has been applied to distributions to find the right distribution of the data of rainfall in the provinces of Iraq was used (maximu

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Publication Date
Tue Mar 01 2011
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The feasibility of re-enacting the Export Support Fund Act in Iraq
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Economists agree upon the importance of exports and their positive impacts on the economic variables. Therefore، they studied policies encouraging exports and set out the instrumentalities supporting them. These instrumentalities included a combination of fiscal، monetary، commercial، production policies like the tax policy that is encouraging to the exports، exchange rates reduction، establishing commercial free zones، better production quality، fostering investment climate، and preparation of the necessary financing before the exporting process and afterwards.

This research is interested in the finding aspect amongst the instrumentalities encouraging exports which is parallel t

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Publication Date
Mon May 20 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Planner And Development
Rural Colonization In Iraq Study Of The Rural Colonization To The Kubeisah
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Iraq is considered the origin of civilization first colonies have been cited in its northern parts , when the first attempt in agriculture and animal breeding were began ,and the cave , were taken as houses. That time the first agricultural colony were colonized in Kirkuk and Mussel . There colonies have been developed to be villages which had another activities in addition to the main activity which was agriculture . The distribution without any administrative planning . Lately , the stochastic distribution starting to disappear due to the planning of cities and their to rural surrounding. This study is involved in the analysis of the patterns of the location distribution of the villages , and the form that taken by the village

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Publication Date
Sun Jul 09 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Behavior of Spliced Steel Girders under Static Loading
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In this paper, the behavior of spliced steel girders under static loading is investigated. A group of seven steel I-girders were tested experimentally. Two concentrated loads were applied to each specimen at third points and the load was increased incrementally up to the yield of the specimen. Two types of splices were considered; the bearing type and the friction-grip type splices. For comparison, an analytical study was made for the tested girders in which the finite element analysis program (Abaqus) was used for analysis. It was found that the maximum test load for spliced girders with bearing type splices was in the range of (34%) to (67%) of the maximum test load for the reference girder. For girders spliced by using friction-grip t

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Publication Date
Sat Jan 01 2022
Journal Name
Ieee Access
Assessment of Delamination Under Insulation Using Ridge Waveguide
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Publication Date
Sun Jun 15 2025
Journal Name
Al-nahrain Journal For Engineering Sciences
Optimum Height of Plate Stiffener under Pressure Effect
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The economical design of plate loaded by pressure can be obtained by using stiffeners instead of increasing the thickness of plate. The main subject of this work is to obtain the effect of stiffener height on the maximum stress in the plate subjected to pressure load. Different plate-stiffener sets are selected to find the effects of stiffener thickness, plate dimensions and pressure, on the optimum stiffener height. The models under consideration are square plates clamped rigidly from four edges. Finite Element method is used to analyze 160 different models by using the Finite Element software package ANSYS version 11. Another analysis method based on maximum stress equation is used to analyze 30 models. The graphical comparison of results

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Publication Date
Sat Mar 01 2008
Journal Name
Al-khwarizmi Engineering Journal
Impact Energy of 100Cr6 under low different velocities
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This study has been undertaken to postulate the mechanism of impact test at low velocities. Thin-walled tubes of 100Cr6 were deformed under axial compression. In the present work there are seven velocities (4.429,4.652,5.240,5.600,5.942,6.264, 6.569) m\sec were applied to show how they effect the load, change in length, also the kinetic energy. However, the comparison between the obtained results and the other studies (Alexandar[3] , Abramowicz[4], Ayad[5]) was made the present work and Ayad data show good agreement. Load, change in length, kinetic energy were determined to understand the impact test.

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Publication Date
Wed Jan 01 2020
Journal Name
Rehabend
Damping characteristics of dry sandy soils under impact
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Publication Date
Sat Jun 30 2007
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering
Drag Forces under Longitudinal Interaction of Two Particle
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Direct measurements of drag force on two interacting particles  arranged in the longitudinal direction for particle Reynolds numbers varying from J O to 103 are conducted using a micro-force measurement system. The effect of the interparticle distance and Reynolds number on the drag forces  is examined. An empirical equation is obtained to describe the effect of the interparticle distance (l/d) on the dimensionless drag.

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Publication Date
Thu Jan 12 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of The Saudi Society Of Agricultural Sciences
Effect of planting density, foliar spraying and overlapping system on the growth and productivity using soilless culture system
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Scopus (4)
Scopus