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Activating Letter of credits under the Swift system in Iraq
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Abstract

               Documentary credits are considered successful means to reduce imports, especially unnecessary imports that lead to the outflow of foreign currency from the country. However, due to the backwardness of the banking methods, the reintroduction of documentary credits after 2003 did not effectively contribute to reducing import rates. This has had a negative impact on the Iraqi economy and made it vulnerable to external markets. Documentary credits are also considered the best way to ensure payment in international trade, providing independent credit support and sufficient security for exporters and importers against commercial risks. Documentary credits are used to finance foreign trade. The importance of researching the activation of documentary credits and their role as an effective tool to reduce imports of unnecessary goods in the SWIFT system arises. The Iraqi economy faces several challenges, including structural imbalances in various economic sectors (industrial, agricultural, and service sectors) and the inability to meet local demand, leading to increased imports of unnecessary goods and leakage of foreign currency abroad. The research hypothesis suggests that documentary credits have an impact in reducing the leakage of foreign currencies and as a tool for controlling foreign trade under the SWIFT system. The aim of the research is to shed light on the reality of documentary credits in Iraq in light of the development of banking methods and the role of documentary credits in reducing the outflow of foreign currency and unnecessary imports. The role of the SWIFT system in Iraq in curbing the smuggling of foreign currency is also examined. The research reached several conclusions, including the significant importance of documentary credits and the SWIFT system in regulating foreign trade and reducing the outflow of foreign currency abroad. There is also substantial international support from financial institutions for the SWIFT system in financing foreign trade. The key recommendations include directing operating banks to work with the system of documentary credits to cover imports and not relying on the external currency exchange window.

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Publication Date
Wed Oct 01 2014
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
TV and educating university youth about the challenges of cultural identity in Iraq Field study of a sample of students at University of Baghdad
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The TV plays an active role in building the general culture of the recipients, which calls for emphasizing its contemporary mission in rebuilding the values that support the development and modernization of diverse societies. Such importance is necessary to explore the challenges facing the cultural invasion, The space opening, which had its cultural returns to the societies, produced a space for alternative values and antagonisms in the cultures and traditions of these societies in the midst of a psychological / social conflict behind a clash with the peculiarities of Muslim societies. Cultural Adtha.
From these points of view, and because the universities are an important stage to announce the demands of the advocates of change and

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Publication Date
Fri Dec 31 2021
Journal Name
Political Sciences Journal
The US-Iranian dispute and its repercussions on Iraq After 2003
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Receipt date: 8/8/2020 acceptance date: 9/11/2020 Publication date: 31/12/2021

Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

           The American-Iranian relations have been characterized by tensions since the arrival of the guardian jurist regime in Iran to leadership in 1979, as it was considered a turning point not only in the cont

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Publication Date
Thu Mar 01 2012
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Indicative supervision on the monetary business organizations (Banks) Case study: Iraq
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Indicative supervision represents the comparison between direct intervention (acquisition, nationalism) and participation through rules.

The last financial crisis reflected our needs for different approaches of supervision consist with our goals, but the crisis reveals also number of sounds requested and pressured toward direct control (Intervention via forces) through government acquisition and nationalization.

This study attempts to deal with crisis lessons, in the field of choice between indicative and direct supervision which government authorities used to reduce the bad effect on the monetary firms.

Iraqi banks suffered from high levels of direct co

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Publication Date
Wed Jul 12 2023
Journal Name
Energies
Finite Time Disturbance Observer Based on Air Conditioning System Control Scheme
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A novel robust finite time disturbance observer (RFTDO) based on an independent output-finite time composite control (FTCC) scheme is proposed for an air conditioning-system temperature and humidity regulation. The variable air volume (VAV) of the system is represented by two first-order mathematical models for the temperature and humidity dynamics. In the temperature loop dynamics, a RFTDO temperature (RFTDO-T) and an FTCC temperature (FTCC-T) are designed to estimate and reject the lumped disturbances of the temperature subsystem. In the humidity loop, a robust output of the FTCC humidity (FTCC-H) and RFTDO humidity (RFTDO-H) are also designed to estimate and reject the lumped disturbances of the humidity subsystem. Based on Lyapunov theo

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Publication Date
Mon Aug 18 2025
Journal Name
Al-mustansiriyah Journal Of Science
Epidemiological Study to Investigate a Possible Vector of Visceral Leishmaniasisin the Central Region of Iraq
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An epidemiological study in Al-Mahmmodiya (50 km south Baghdad) to investigate a possible vector of Leishmaniasis were applied .This region is considered as a foci of Leishmaniasisaccording to the health association statistics. CDC light traps were used to collect the insects nightly. Insects were collected by Indoor application as human dwellings and animal shelters and Outdoor application as rodent's barrows and field trees. Sand flies were transported to the laboratory, isolated and identified according to the identification keys in Tropical Biological Researches Unit at the Collage of Science / University of Baghdad. Must of the collected sand flies were belonging to three species PhlebotomuspapatasiScopoli(45%), PhlebotomusalexandriSin

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Publication Date
Sun Jan 27 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
The Inauguration of Faisal Bin Al -husain as Iraq King (A Study of British Documents)
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Husain as a king of Iraq.
This paper deals with the British communication with faisel . then Winston Churchill's speech in British common house .then fodlowed by arriving faisal to Iraq after that the referend um faisel .
The his claims of British maneuver lastly coronation on faisal & his inauguration as a king of Iraq.

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Publication Date
Tue Nov 01 2022
Journal Name
Indonesian Journal Of Electrical Engineering And Computer Science
Photovoltaic system DC series arc fault: a case study
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<p>Photovoltaic (PV) systems are becoming increasingly popular; however, arc faults on the direct current (DC) side are becoming more widespread as a result of the effects of aging as well as the trend toward higher DC voltage levels, posing severe risk to human safety and system stability. The parallel arc faults present higher level of current as compared with the series arc faults, making it more difficult to spot the series arc. In this paper and for the aim of condition monitoring, the features of a DC series arc fault are analyzed by analysing the arc features, performing model’s simulation in PSCAD, and carrying out experimental studies. Various arc models are simulated and investigated; for low current arcs, the heur

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Publication Date
Tue Apr 16 2019
Journal Name
Proceedings Of The 2019 5th International Conference On Computer And Technology Applications
Four Char DNA Encoding for Anomaly Intrusion Detection System
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Recent research has shown that a Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) has ability to be used to discover diseases in human body as its function can be used for an intrusion-detection system (IDS) to detect attacks against computer system and networks traffics. Three main factor influenced the accuracy of IDS based on DNA sequence, which is DNA encoding method, STR keys and classification method to classify the correctness of proposed method. The pioneer idea on attempt a DNA sequence for intrusion detection system is using a normal signature sequence with alignment threshold value, later used DNA encoding based cryptography, however the detection rate result is very low. Since the network traffic consists of 41 attributes, therefore we proposed the

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Publication Date
Sat Jan 01 2022
Journal Name
Proceedings Of International Conference On Computing And Communication Networks
Automatic Health Speech Prediction System Using Support Vector Machine
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Publication Date
Fri Dec 01 2017
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
Proposed Audit Program for Automated Clearing House System (ACH)
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إن استخدام النظم الالكترونية في القطاع المصرفي وبالخصوص نظام مقاصة الصكوك الالكترونية (ACH) في عمليات التحويل الالكتروني للاموال بين المصارف تتضمن تحويلات مالية عالية القيمة  بين  المصارف المشاركة بهذا النظام, وان اي خلل قد يحدث بالنظام يؤدي الى حالات تلاعب في مقاصة الصكوك الالكترونية في المصارف المشاركة وبالتالي حدوث عملية اختلاس, ومن هذا المنطلق تبرز مشكلة البحث في اهمية توافر برنامج تدقيق مقترح ياخ

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