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التنشئة الاجتماعية للطفل
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المبحث الاول \  مفهوم التنشئة الاجتماعية

    التنشئة الاجتماعية هي الاسلوب الذي يتبناه مجتمع ما في بناء الإنسان على صورة الثقافة القائمة وتبرز التنشئة الاجتماعية كحاضن الثقافي يتشكل فيه الإنسان وينموعلى صورة المعايير الثقافية التربوية تحددها الثقافة عينها وفي أسلوب التنشئة الاجتماعية وأنماطها المختلفة تبرز واحدة من أهم القضايا الأساسية للوجود الإنساني والتي تتعلق ببناء جوهر الإنسان الداخلي الذي يتمثل في تحديد شخصية الإنسان وجوهره فالشخصية تشكيل ثقافي تتحدد طبيعتة الحاضن الثقافي الأسري الذي نشأ في رعايته . 

     وهذا يعني أن طبيعة الشخصية الإنسان مرهونة إلى حد كبير بطبيعة ومستوى وتطور أسلوب التنشئة الاجتماعية عامة والتنشئة الأسرية بخاصة التي تشكل القالب الثقافي الذي يعطي الإنسان خصائصه الإنسانية .

وهذا يعني أن مرونة الحاضن الأسري ومدى قدراته على التكيف مع الطفل والتوافق مع متطلباته تشكل أساسا هاما لبناء شخصية الطفل وقدراته وإبداعه ’ وهذا كله ضروري لتحقيق تطوير الطفل ونموه السليم 0  (سلمان ,2007 ,ص20-21 )

    وتتأثر عملية التنشئة الاجتماعية للفرد في الأسرة بمجموعة من العوامل أهمها النظام الثقافي والاجتماعي للاسرة ويقصد بالنظام الثقافي للأسرة : مجموعة الأوضاع الثقافية والتعليمة والاقتصادية والدينية والفكرية والترويحية , ونوعية العلاقات السائدة بين أفراد الأسرة وظروف العامة , فلا شك أن الأسرة التي تشيع في ؟أرجائها علاقات الود والتفاهم والمحبة والمساواه والثقافة الفكرية والاحترام المتبادل , بالإضافة إلى توفر جميع متطلبات النمو السوي للطفل سيكون لها دورها في تنشئة شخصية متكاملة وسوية للطفل , على عكس الأسر التي تسودها أجواء المنازعات وعدم التقبل للاطفال والأوضاع الاقتصادية والثقافية والاجتماعية السيئة.

وإذا لهذه الأسرة أن تؤدي وظائفها على غير وجه فلا بد لرب الأسرة وربتها ( الوالدان ) أن يكون قد نالا حظا وافرا من التربية الاسرية في مراحل الأولى من حياتهما وهي حياة المدرسة , إذ كيف ينتظر أن يحسن أحدهما معاملة الأخر وأن يحسن الاثنان معاملة أولادهما ويسعيا إلى ذلك متضامنين إلى كل ما يجلب السعادة والرفاهية , ما لم يكونا قد وجها توجيها اسريا قوميا وتعليما الشيء الكثير من الواجبات الزوجية . ( عساكرية , 2009 ,ص14-15 )

المبحث الثاني \ التنشئة الاجتماعية كعملية تحويل الكائن البيولوجي الى كائن اجتماعي

      يرى أصحاب هذا الاتجاه أن التنشئة الاجتماعية هي العملية التي تتناول الكائن الإنسانى البيولوجى لتحوله إلى كائن اجتماعى :

  • فيرى فواد البهي أن التنشئة الاجتماعية في معناها الخاص هي نتائج العمليات التي يتحول بها الفرد من مجرد كائن عضوى إلى شخص اجتماعى , وتمتد لتشمل على كل ما يحدث للفرد حتى يتوافق بسلوكه مع معايير الجماعة التي ينضم لها ولأسلوب حياتها .
  • ويرى سيد عثمان : أن الكائن الإنسانى الذي يبقى زمنا معلوما في رحم الأم البيولوجى يخرج ليتلقفه ( رحم الجماعة ) زمنا أطول حيث يتناوله بالتشكيل والتطوير الاجتماعي مثلما فعل به الرحم البيولوجى في تشكيله وتطويره العضوى .
  • وترى فوزية دياب : أن التنشئة الاجتماعية عملية تحويل الفردمن كائن عضوي حيواني السلوك إلى شخص آدمى بشرى التصرف في محيط أفراد آخرين يتفاعل بعضهم مع بعض ويتعاملون على أسس مشتركة من القيم التي تبلور طرائقهم في الحياة .

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