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آلية عمل المحاكم الجنائية الدولية
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تعد العدالة عنصراً اساسياً من عناصر صنع السلام الحقيقي، ومن هذه المقولة ننطلق لنعالج الموضوع الذي نحن بصدده والمعنون آلية عمل المحاكم الجنائية الدولية. إذ غالباً ما يتعذر على القضاء الوطني اداء مهمته في تحقيق العدالة، وقد لا يقوم اساساً بها، وعند ذلك هل يكون هذا مدعاة لترك مرتكبي الجرائم الدولية بدون محاكمة وعقاب؟

      وهنا تكمن اهمية هذا الموضوع، تحقيق العدالة بعقاب المجرمين الدوليين والسعي قدر المستطاع لإنصاف الضحايا. ولأنه في كثير من الاحيان ينظر الى مسألة العدالة بعد النزاعات على انها نقيض السلام لذلك يصار الى تقديم الحلول السياسية والتسويات على تنفيذ القوانين واحقاق الحقوق المنتهكة والمسلوبة.

      ولنعد الى السؤال الذي طرحناه انفا ونجيب عليه بالفكرة القاضية بإنشاء المحكمة الجنائية الدولية، هذه الفكرة التي تحققت على ارض الواقع وحالفها النجاح في اتفاقية لندن التي اعقبت الحرب العالمية الثانية عام ١٩٤٥ بإنشاء المحكمة العسكرية لمحاكمة كبار مجرمي الحرب في المانيا والمحكمة العسكرية لمحاكمة كبار مجرمي الحرب في الشرق الادنى او ما اصطلح على تسميته محكمتي نورمبرغ وطوكيو.

      وقدم بعد هذا التأريخ أكثر من مشروع الا ان هذه المشاريع ظلت تراوح مكانها حتى مطلع التسعينات وانهيار نظام القطبية الثنائية والذي صاحبه بروز النزعات العرقية والقومية متخذة منحنى عنيفاً ومأساوياً تمثل باندلاع حروب صاحبها ارتكاب اعمال وحشية وقتل وتعذيب واباة غير مسبوقة وعلى نطاق واسع.

      وقد أدت الجرائم المرتكبة في كل من يوغسلافيا السابقة ورواندا الى اتخاذ مجلس الامن قرارين هما، القرار رقم ٨٢٧ لسنة ١٩٩٣ والقاضي بإنشاء المحكمة الجنائية الدولية لمحاكمة المسؤولين عن الانتهاكات الجسيمة للقانون الانساني الدولي والمرتكبة في اراضي يوغسلافيا السابقة منذ العام ١٩٩٠. وقد تميزت هذه المحكمة بامتداد اختصاصها لكل من ينتهك القانون الانساني الدولي بغض النظر عن انتمائه لأي طرف من أطراف النزاع وللجرائم التالية:

١- الانتهاكات الجسيمة لمعاهدات جنيف الاربع لعام ١٩٤٩.

٢- مخالفات قوانين واعراف الحرب.

٣- الابادة الجماعية.

٤- جرائم ضد الانسانية.

      وكان القرار الثاني رقم ٩٥٥ لسنة ١٩٩٤ وهو الخاص بإنشاء المحكمة الجنائية الدولية لمحاكمة المسؤولين عن جرائم الابادة الجماعية وجرائم ضد الانسانية وانتهاكات المادة/٣ المشتركة من معاهدات جنيف لعام ١٩٤٩ والبروتوكول الاضافي الثاني وذلك نظرا لطبيعة النزاع المسلح الداخلي في رواندا.

      وهكذا كان القرارين من أهم العوامل المحفزة والمسرعة لخطى انشاء محكمة جنائية دولية دائمة للعقاب على اشد الجرائم خطورة على المجتمع الدولي.

وعليه يكون الهدف من وراء انشاء محكمة جنائية دولية في:

  • الرد على انتهاكات القانون الانساني الدولي.
  • ايجاد البديل لحالات فشل القضاء الوطني المؤسس على:
  • الافتقار الى الاستقلال والحيادية.
  • الافتقار الى الموارد البشرية والمالية، مما ينجم عنه عدم القدرة هيكلياً على العمل.
  • معالجة اخطاء وعيوب المحاكم الدولية الخاصة.

      وعليه يكون امامنا نوعين من المحاكم الجنائية الدولية، المؤقتة والدائمة المتمثلة بالمحكمة الجنائية الدولية. وهذا الاختلاف في المحاكم الجنائية الدولية لا بد من ان يتبعه تمايز في المبدأ المستند عليه الاختصاص القضائي لكل منهما. مع الاخذ بنظر الاعتبار الى علاقته باختصاص القضاء الوطني بمحاكمة وعقاب مرتكبي الجرية الدولية.

      وعليه سيكون تناولنا لموضوع ألية عمل المحاكم الجنائية الدولية المؤقتة والدائمة وتبعاً اختلافها مقسما الى فرعين: الاول خاص بالمحاكم المؤقتة والثاني للمحكمة الجنائية الدولية الدائمة.

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